257 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
257 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Building and using MCUboot with Zephyr
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MCUboot began its life as the bootloader for Mynewt. It has since
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acquired the ability to be used as a bootloader for Zephyr as well.
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There are some pretty significant differences in how apps are built
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for Zephyr, and these are documented here.
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Please see the [design document](design.md) for documentation on the design
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and operation of the bootloader itself. This functionality should be the same
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on all supported RTOSs.
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The first step required for Zephyr is making sure your board has flash
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partitions defined in its device tree. These partitions are:
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- `boot_partition`: for MCUboot itself
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- `slot0_partition`: the primary slot of Image 0
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- `slot1_partition`: the secondary slot of Image 0
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It is not recommended to use the swap-using-scratch algorithm of MCUboot, but
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if this operating mode is desired then the following flash partition is also
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needed (see end of this help file for details on creating a scratch partition
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and how to use the swap-using-scratch algorithm):
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- `scratch_partition`: the scratch slot
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Currently, the two image slots must be contiguous. If you are running
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MCUboot as your stage 1 bootloader, `boot_partition` must be configured
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so your SoC runs it out of reset. If there are multiple updateable images
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then the corresponding primary and secondary partitions must be defined for
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the rest of the images too (for example, `slot2_partition` and
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`slot3_partition` for Image 1).
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The flash partitions are typically defined in the Zephyr boards folder, in a
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file named `boards/<arch>/<board>/<board>.dts`. An example `.dts` file with
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flash partitions defined is the frdm_k64f's in
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`boards/arm/frdm_k64f/frdm_k64f.dts`. Make sure the DT node labels in your board's
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`.dts` file match the ones used there.
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## Installing requirements and dependencies
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Install additional packages required for development with MCUboot:
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```
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cd ~/mcuboot # or to your directory where MCUboot is cloned
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pip3 install --user -r scripts/requirements.txt
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```
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## Building the bootloader itself
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The bootloader is an ordinary Zephyr application, at least from
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Zephyr's point of view. There is a bit of configuration that needs to
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be made before building it. Most of this can be done as documented in
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the `CMakeLists.txt` file in boot/zephyr. There are comments there for
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guidance. It is important to select a signature algorithm, and decide
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if the primary slot should be validated on every boot.
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To build MCUboot, create a build directory in boot/zephyr, and build
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it as usual:
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```
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cd boot/zephyr
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west build -b <board>
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```
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In addition to the partitions defined in DTS, some additional
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information about the flash layout is currently required to build
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MCUboot itself. All the needed configuration is collected in
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`boot/zephyr/include/target.h`. Depending on the board, this information
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may come from board-specific headers, Device Tree, or be configured by
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MCUboot on a per-SoC family basis.
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After building the bootloader, the binaries should reside in
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`build/zephyr/zephyr.{bin,hex,elf}`, where `build` is the build
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directory you chose when running `west build`. Use `west flash`
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to flash these binaries from the build directory. Depending
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on the target and flash tool used, this might erase the whole of the flash
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memory (mass erase) or only the sectors where the bootloader resides prior to
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programming the bootloader image itself.
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## Building applications for the bootloader
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In addition to flash partitions in DTS, some additional configuration
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is required to build applications for MCUboot.
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This is handled internally by the Zephyr configuration system and is wrapped
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in the `CONFIG_BOOTLOADER_MCUBOOT` Kconfig variable, which must be enabled in
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the application's `prj.conf` file.
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The directory `samples/zephyr/hello-world` in the MCUboot tree contains
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a simple application with everything you need. You can try it on your
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board and then just make a copy of it to get started on your own
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application; see samples/zephyr/README.md for a tutorial.
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The Zephyr `CONFIG_BOOTLOADER_MCUBOOT` configuration option
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[documentation](https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/kconfig.html#CONFIG_BOOTLOADER_MCUBOOT)
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provides additional details regarding the changes it makes to the image
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placement and generation in order for an application to be bootable by MCUboot.
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With this, build the application as your normally would.
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### Signing the application
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In order to upgrade to an image (or even boot it, if
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`MCUBOOT_VALIDATE_PRIMARY_SLOT` is enabled), the images must be signed.
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To make development easier, MCUboot is distributed with some example
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keys. It is important to stress that these should never be used for
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production, since the private key is publicly available in this
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repository. See below on how to make your own signatures.
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Images can be signed with the `scripts/imgtool.py` script. It is best
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to look at `samples/zephyr/Makefile` for examples on how to use this.
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### Flashing the application
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The application itself can flashed with regular flash tools, but will
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need to be programmed at the offset of the primary slot for this particular
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target. Depending on the platform and flash tool you might need to manually
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specify a flash offset corresponding to the primary slot starting address. This
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is usually not relevant for flash tools that use Intel Hex images (.hex) instead
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of raw binary images (.bin) since the former include destination address
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information. Additionally you will need to make sure that the flash tool does
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not perform a mass erase (erasing the whole of the flash) or else you would be
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deleting MCUboot.
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These images can also be marked for upgrade, and loaded into the secondary slot,
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at which point the bootloader should perform an upgrade. It is up to
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the image to mark the primary slot as "image ok" before the next reboot,
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otherwise the bootloader will revert the application.
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## Managing signing keys
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The signing keys used by MCUboot are represented in standard formats,
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and can be generated and processed using conventional tools. However,
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`scripts/imgtool.py` is able to generate key pairs in all of the
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supported formats. See [the docs](imgtool.md) for more details on
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this tool.
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### Generating a new keypair
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Generating a keypair with imgtool is a matter of running the keygen
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subcommand:
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```
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$ ./scripts/imgtool.py keygen -k mykey.pem -t rsa-2048
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```
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The argument to `-t` should be the desired key type. See the
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[the docs](imgtool.md) for more details on the possible key types.
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### Extracting the public key
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The generated keypair above contains both the public and the private
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key. It is necessary to extract the public key and insert it into the
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bootloader. Use the ``CONFIG_BOOT_SIGNATURE_KEY_FILE`` Kconfig option to
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provide the path to the key file so the build system can extract
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the public key in a format usable by the C compiler.
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The generated public key is saved in `build/zephyr/autogen-pubkey.h`, which is included
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by the `boot/zephyr/keys.c`.
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Currently, the Zephyr RTOS port limits its support to one keypair at the time,
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although MCUboot's key management infrastructure supports multiple keypairs.
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Once MCUboot is built, this new keypair file (`mykey.pem` in this
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example) can be used to sign images.
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## Using swap-using-scratch flash algorithm
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To use the swap-using-scratch flash algorithm, a scratch partition needs to be
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present for the target board which is used for holding the data being swapped
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from both slots, this section must be at least as big as the largest sector
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size of the 2 partitions (e.g. if a device has a primary slot in main flash
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with a sector size of 512 bytes and secondar slot in external off-chip flash
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with a sector size of 4KB then the scratch area must be at least 4KB in size).
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The number of sectors must also be evenly divisable by this sector size, e.g.
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4KB, 8KB, 12KB, 16KB are allowed, 7KB, 7.5KB are not. This scratch partition
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needs adding to the .dts file for the board, e.g. for the nrf52dk_nrf52832
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board thus would involve updating
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`<zephyr>/boards/arm/nrf52dk_nrf52832/nrf52dk_nrf52832.dts` with:
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```
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boot_partition: partition@0 {
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label = "mcuboot";
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reg = <0x00000000 0xc000>;
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};
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slot0_partition: partition@c000 {
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label = "image-0";
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reg = <0x0000C000 0x37000>;
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};
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slot1_partition: partition@43000 {
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label = "image-1";
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reg = <0x00043000 0x37000>;
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};
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storage_partition: partition@7a000 {
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label = "storage";
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reg = <0x0007a000 0x00006000>;
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};
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```
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Which would make the application size 220KB and scratch size 24KB (the nRF52832
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has a 4KB sector size so the size of the scratch partition can be reduced at
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the cost of vastly reducing flash lifespan, e.g. for a 32KB firmware update
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with an 8KB scratch area, the scratch area would be erased and programmed 8
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times per image upgrade/revert). To configure MCUboot to work in
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swap-using-scratch mode, the Kconfig value must be set when building it:
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`CONFIG_BOOT_SWAP_USING_SCRATCH=y`.
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Note that it is possible for an application to get into a stuck state when
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swap-using-scratch is used whereby an application has loaded a firmware update
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and marked it as test/confirmed but MCUboot will not swap the images and
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erasing the secondary slot from the zephyr application returns an error
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because the slot is marked for upgrade.
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## Serial recovery
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### Interface selection
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A serial recovery protocol is available over either a hardware serial port or a USB CDC ACM virtual serial port.
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The SMP server implementation can be enabled by the ``CONFIG_MCUBOOT_SERIAL=y`` Kconfig option.
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To set a type of an interface, use the ``BOOT_SERIAL_DEVICE`` Kconfig choice, and select either the ``CONFIG_BOOT_SERIAL_UART`` or the ``CONFIG_BOOT_SERIAL_CDC_ACM`` value.
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Which interface belongs to the protocol shall be set by the devicetree-chosen node:
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- `zephyr,console` - If a hardware serial port is used.
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- `zephyr,cdc-acm-uart` - If a virtual serial port is used.
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### Entering the serial recovery mode
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To enter the serial recovery mode, the device has to initiate rebooting, and a triggering event has to occur (for example, pressing a button).
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By default, the serial recovery GPIO pin active state enters the serial recovery mode.
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Use the ``mcuboot_button0`` devicetree button alias to assign the GPIO pin to the MCUboot.
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Alternatively, MCUboot can wait for a limited time to check if DFU is invoked by receiving an MCUmgr command.
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Select ``CONFIG_BOOT_SERIAL_WAIT_FOR_DFU=y`` to use this mode. ``CONFIG_BOOT_SERIAL_WAIT_FOR_DFU_TIMEOUT`` option defines
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the amount of time in milliseconds the device will wait for the trigger.
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### Direct image upload
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By default, the SMP server implementation will only use the first slot.
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To change it, invoke the `image upload` MCUmgr command with a selected image number, and make sure the ``CONFIG_MCUBOOT_SERIAL_DIRECT_IMAGE_UPLOAD=y`` Kconfig option is enabled.
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Note that the ``CONFIG_UPDATEABLE_IMAGE_NUMBER`` Kconfig option adjusts the number of image-pairs supported by the MCUboot.
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The mapping of image number to partition is as follows:
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* 0 and 1 - image-0, the primary slot of the first image.
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* 2 - image-1, the secondary slot of the first image.
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* 3 - image-2.
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* 4 - image-3.
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0 is a default upload target when no explicit selection is done.
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### System-specific commands
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Use the ``CONFIG_ENABLE_MGMT_PERUSER=y`` Kconfig option to enable the following additional commands:
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* Storage erase - This command allows erasing the storage partition (enable with ``CONFIG_BOOT_MGMT_CUSTOM_STORAGE_ERASE=y``).
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* Custom image list - This command allows fetching version and installation status (custom properties) for all images (enable with ``CONFIG_BOOT_MGMT_CUSTOM_IMG_LIST=y``).
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### More configuration
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For details on other available configuration options for the serial recovery protocol, check the Kconfig options (for example by using ``menuconfig``).
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