142 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
142 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
# Ubuntu 初始配置
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## 使用清华源
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Ubuntu 的软件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list。将系统自带的该文件做个备份，将该文件替换为清华的软件源配置文件，即可使用 TUNA 的软件源镜像。
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适用于 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 的清华源配置文件如下：
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```bash
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# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
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# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
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# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
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```
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其他版本 Ubuntu 系统清华源配置文件可参考 <https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/>
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## 安装 Gnome3
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```bash
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sudo apt-get install gnome gnome-audio gnome-shell gnome-terminal gnome-themes-extra gnome-tweaks gnome-tweak-tool gnome-icon-theme gnome-control-center gnome-colors gnome-color-chooser gnome-color-manager gnome-calendar gnome-calculator gnome-backgrounds gnome-alsamixer gnome-screensaver
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```
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### 安装主题
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示例如下：
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```bash
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sudo apt-get install breeze-icon-theme breeze-cursor-theme breeze-gtk-theme
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```
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之后在 gnome tweak tool 中可更换主题。
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### 安装中文输入法
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Gnome3 默认支持 ibus 输入法，安装方法如下：
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```bash
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sudo apt-get install language-support ibus-pinyin ibus-sunpinyin ibus-gtk ibus-gtk3 ibus-qt4
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```
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不安装 ibus-gtk、ibus-gtk3 和 ibus-qt4 的话将不会产生光标跟随效果，输入法待选字都在左下角。
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之后在 system settings -> Region & Language 里面增加输入法，重启后生效。
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### 切换登陆管理器
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默认在安装 Gnome3 时会弹出登陆管理器切换界面，如需自行修改的话可使用如下命令：
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```bash
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm
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# 或
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm
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```
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### 切换主目录为英文
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中文系统默认主目录下文件夹名为中文，在 shell 下访问太过费事，最好改为英文。方法是修改 ~/.config/user-dirs.dirs 文件内容如下，之后将各目录修改为对应的英文名，然后重新登陆该账户即可：
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```ini
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XDG_DESKTOP_DIR="$HOME/Desktop"
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XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR="$HOME/Downloads"
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XDG_TEMPLATES_DIR="$HOME/Templates"
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XDG_PUBLICSHARE_DIR="$HOME/Public"
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XDG_DOCUMENTS_DIR="$HOME/Documents"
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XDG_MUSIC_DIR="$HOME/Music"
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XDG_PICTURES_DIR="$HOME/Pictures"
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XDG_VIDEOS_DIR="$HOME/Videos"
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```
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之后：
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```bash
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gsettings set org.blueman.transfer shared-path '/home/<user name>/Downloads'
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```
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或通过：
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```bash
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sudo blueman-services
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```
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重新配置，否则重启会提示：
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```bash
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Configured directory for incoming files does not exist
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```
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## 查看已安装工具包
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```bash
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dpkg -l
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```
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可配合 grep 工具使用。
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## 安装开发工具
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```bash
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sudo apt-get install bison build-essential make gcc gcc-multilib global git-core git openssl module-init-tools gnu-efi xz-utils debianutils iputils-ping e2fslibs-dev ccache gawk wget diffstat bc zip unzip chrpath socat texinfo cpio flex minicom xterm gtkterm parted gparted tmux python python-pip python-wand python-crypto python3 python3-pip python3-pexpect libncurses-dev libncurses5-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libpciaccess-dev uuid-dev libsystemd-dev libevent-dev libxml2-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev liblz4-tool libsdl1.2-dev libssl-dev libblkid-dev libcv-dev libopencv-*-dev protobuf-c-compiler protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev libboost-dev libleveldb-dev libgflags-dev libgoogle-glog-dev libblas-dev liblmdb-dev libsnappy-dev libopenblas-dev python-numpy libboost-python-dev gfortran python-scikits-learn python-skimage-lib
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sudo pip3 install kconfiglib
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```
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## 提升权限
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普通用户可能无法访问某些设备，需要提升权限：
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```bash
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# 通过下列命令获得设备节点所在的组.
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ls -l /dev |grep <device node>
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# 以下命令中的 group name 为上述 ls 得到设备节点所在组名.
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gpasswd --add <user name> <group name>
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# 通过以下命令确认是否已将用户添加到该组.
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groups <user name>
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```
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## 安装 Flash Player
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```bash
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sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer
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```
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## 让 Shell 只显示当前路径
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Shell 默认显示完整路径，有时候路径比较长就非常恼人，可以设置只显示当前目录名称，修改 ~/.bashrc，将所有 PS1 对应的小写 w 改为大写 W 即可，例如：
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```ini
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# PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
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# \w\ 改为 \W\
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PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\W\$ '
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```
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