173 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
173 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
# MariaDB 安装配置与使用
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MariaDB 是与 MySQL 兼容的开源实现，当 Linux 服务器上需要使用 MySQL 时可以用 MariaDB 替代。
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## 1.安装
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MariaDB 的安装命令如下：
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```bash
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# Manjaro
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sudo pacman -S mariadb mariadb-clients mariadb-libs
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# Ubuntu
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sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client libmariadb-dev libmariadbclient-dev
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```
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## 2.初始配置
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安装完 MariaDB 后需要进行初始配置，首先需要执行以下命令：
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```bash
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# Manjaro
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sudo mariadb-install-db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql
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# Ubuntu ?
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sudo mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql
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```
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之后启动 MariaDB 的系统服务：
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```bash
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sudo systemctl start mariadb
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```
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最后初始化数据库：
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```bash
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sudo mysql_secure_installation
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Enter current password for root (enter for none):[password]
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Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] n
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Change the root password? [Y/n] Y
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Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y
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Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] n
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Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y
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Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y
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... Success!
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```
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## 3.基本维护
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### 3.1.初始配置+常见问题解决
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```bash
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# 进入 MariaDB 交互模式
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mariadb -u root -p
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# 本地直接登陆
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mariadb -h localhost -u root -p
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# 更改密码(解决普通用户登陆报错：Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost')，请将'passwd'替换为实际的密码
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UPDATE mysql.user set authentication_string=PASSWORD('passwd') where user='root';
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# 如果没这一行可能也会报一个错误，因此需要运行这一行
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UPDATE mysql.user set plugin="mysql_native_password";
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# 强制写入，操作完退出前先进行以下该操作
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FLUSH privileges;
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# 退出
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QUIT;
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# 重启 MariaDB 服务使新的配置生效
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systemctl restart mariadb
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```
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### 3.2.配置信息查询
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```bash
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# 查看端口号
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SHOW global variables like 'port';
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```
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### 3.3.数据库操作
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```bash
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# 显示所有数据库
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SHOW DATABASES;
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# 删除数据库
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DROP DATABASE 'database name';
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# 选择操作的数据库
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USE mysql;
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# 创建数据库
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CREATE DATABASE 'database name';
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```
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### 3.4.用户操作
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```bash
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# 查询用户
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SELECT user from mysql.user;
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# 删除用户
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DROP user ‘username’@‘host’;
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# 创建用户
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# username - 你将创建的用户名
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# host - 指定该用户在哪个主机上可以登陆,如果是本地用户可用 localhost, 如果想让该用户可以从任意远程主机登陆,可以使用通配符 %
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# password - 该用户的登陆密码,密码可以为空,如果为空则该用户可以不需要密码登陆服务器
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CREATE USER 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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# 示例
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CREATE USER 'm23100'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'm23100'@'192.168.1.101' IDENDIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'm23100'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'm23100'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '';
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CREATE USER 'm23100'@'%';
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```
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### 3.5.用户权限管理
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主要是管理用户对数据库的操作权限。
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```bash
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# 授权用户使用数据库
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# privileges - 用户的操作权限,如SELECT , INSERT , UPDATE 等.如果要授予所的权限则使用ALL
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# databasename - 数据库名
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# tablename-表名
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# 如果要授予该用户对所有数据库和表的相应操作权限则可用 * 表示, 如 *.*
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GRANT privileges ON databasename.tablename TO 'username'@'host'
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# 示例
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GRANT ALL ON test.* TO 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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# 撤销用户权限
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REVOKE privilege ON databasename.tablename FROM 'username'@'host';
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```
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## 4.异常处理
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```bash
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# 停止服务
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sudo systemctl stop mariadb
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# 进入安全模式，并设置为后台进程
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sudo mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
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# 登陆mysql
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mariadb -u root
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```
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```bash
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# 查询用户
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SELECT Host,User,plugin from mysql.user where User='root';
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# 重置加密模式
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UPDATE mysql.user set plugin='mysql_native_password';
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# 重置密码
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UPDATE mysql.user set password=PASSWORD("newpassword") where User='root';
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# 刷新权限信息
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FLUSH privileges;
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exit;
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```
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```bash
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# 杀掉进程
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sudo kill -9 $(pgrep mysql)
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# 重新启动服务
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sudo systemctl start mariadb
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# 或
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service mariadb start
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# 登陆 mysql
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mariadb -u root -p
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```
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## 5.彻底卸载
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```bash
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apt purge mysql-* mariadb-server mariadb-client libmariadb-dev libmariadbclient-dev
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```
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