504 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
504 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
# Linux 搭建 Samba 服务器
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Samba 主要提供三个服务器工具：smbd、nmbd、smbpasswd。smb 是 Samba 的主要启动服务器，用于实现共享服务；nmbd 是名称服务器，不开启 nmbd 的情况下只能通过 ip 地址来访问 samba 服务器，如果开启了 nmbd 则可以通过 netbios name 来访问 samba 服务；smbpasswd 用来设置访问 samba 服务的账户名和密码。
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smbd 的运行依赖于 /etc/samba/smb.conf 配置文件，这个是 smbd 的默认配置文件。访问 samba 服务需要账户名和密码，这个通过 smbpasswd 来设置。
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## 1. SELinux
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SELinux 开启的状态下会影响其他系统对 Samba 服务器的访问，可能造成 Windows 或 Android 系统的 Samba 客户端无法访问服务器（错误提示内容类似于没有授权之类），可以关闭 SELinux 或正确设置 SELinux。临时关闭 SELinux 的方法如下：
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```bash
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setenforce 0
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```
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此时查看 SeLinux 状态
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```bash
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$ sestatus
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Current mode: permissive
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```
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永久关闭 SeLinux（需要重启）需要修改 /etc/selinux/config 文件：
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```ini
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# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
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# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
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# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
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# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
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# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
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# SELINUX=enforcing
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SELINUX=disabled
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# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
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# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
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# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
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# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
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SELINUXTYPE=targeted
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```
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## 2. 安装 Samba
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```bash
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# Ubuntu
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apt-get install samba samba-common
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# Manjaro
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sudo pacman -S samba
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```
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## 3. 创建配置文件
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在 /etc/samba 下备份 smb.conf 文件，并向其添加如下内容（如果没有则 touch 一个）：
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```ini
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[global]
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security = user
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guest account = nobody
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map to guest = bad password
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[NAME]
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available = yes
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browseable = yes
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path = /YOUPATH
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public = yes
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writable = yes
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create mask = 0777
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sync always = yes
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```
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其中 NAME 为共享时虚拟的文件夹名，YOUPATH 为共享文件夹的路径。security 可以设置成 share 或 user 等，share 方式访问时不需要账户密码。
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## 4. 分配账户和密码
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在 shell 中输入如下命令为 samba 服务分配账户和密码
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```bash
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sudo smbpasswd -a <user name>
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# 然后按提示输入密码并确认
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# <user name> 必须是已存在的 Linux 用户
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sudo smbpasswd -e <user name>
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```
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分配好后，就可以使用该账户和密码远程访问 samba 服务了。
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**因此需要记牢该账户和密码。**
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如果忘记了已经分配过哪些 samba 账户，则可以通过 pdbedit 列出已添加的 samba 用户（pdbedit 还可以编辑 samba 的用户数据库），用法如下：
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```bash
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pdbedit -L
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```
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## 5. 开启 Samba 服务
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通过 systemctl 开启 samba 服务命令如下：
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```bash
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# Arch Linux
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systemctl enable smb.service
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systemctl start smb.service
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# Ubuntu
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systemctl enable smbd.service
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systemctl start smbd.service
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```
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必要时需关闭防火墙，或设置防火墙规则。如果修改了 samba 配置信息，则需要重启 samba 服务：
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```bash
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systemctl restart smb.service
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```
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## 6. 远程访问
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可在 Linux 系统或 Windows 系统下远程访问 Samba 服务。
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### 6.1. Linux 客户端
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#### 6.1.1 命令行下访问 samba 服务
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```bash
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# The following command lists public shares on a server
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smbclient -L hostname -U%
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# Mount the share using mount.cifs as type. Not all the options listed below are needed or desirable
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mount -t cifs //SERVER/sharename /mnt/mountpoint -o username=username,password=password,workgroup=workgroup,iocharset=utf8,uid=username,gid=group
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```
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#### 6.1.2. 使用 Nautilus 访问 samba 服务
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在 Nautilus 文件浏览器支持多种远程文件访问服务。在 Nautilus 文件浏览器右侧选择“Other Locations”，下方出现“Connect to Server”，然后输入：
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```bash
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smb://<IP or host name>
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```
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之后按提示输入通过 smbpasswd 设置的用户名和密码。
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### 6.2. Windows 客户端
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进入“控制面板->卸载或更改程序->启用或关闭 Windows 功能“，勾选“SMB 1.0/CIFS File Sharing Support”，确定。
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进入“控制面板->网络和 Internet->网络和共享中心->高级共享设置“，启用网络发现，启用文件和打印机共享。如果不能开启“网络发现”功能，请参考[《Win10 无法开启网络发现功能》](../../OperatingSystem/Windows/Windows10/Win10_无法开启网络发现功能.md)。最后将“密码保护的共享”修改为“无密码保护的共享”。
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单击”开始->运行”，输入“gpedit.msc”，打开“组策略编辑器”，将“计算机配置->管理模板->网络->Lanman 工作站->启用不安全的来宾登录”配置为已启用。
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单击”开始->运行”，输入“secpol.msc”，打开“本地安全策略”，在本地安全策略窗口中依次打开“本地策略->安全选项”，然后再右侧的列表中找到“网络安全：LAN 管理器身份验证级别”，把这个选项的值改为“发送 LM 和 NTLM – 如果已协商，则使用 NTLMv2 会话安全”或“仅发送NTLMv2响应，拒绝LM和NTLM”，确定。本路径下再找到“网络访问：本地账户的共享和安全模型”打开，选择“经典 – 对本地用户进行身份验证，不改变其本来身份”，确定。
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重启系统。
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右击“网络->映射网络驱动器”，或右键“新建快捷方式->键入对象的位置”，或在 Windows 资源管理器地址栏里输入：
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```bash
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\\<IP or host name>\[share name]
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```
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之后按提示输入用户和密码就可以访问了。
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## 7. smb.conf.example
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以下截取自 Centos 7 的 samba 配置文件：
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```ini
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# This is the main Samba configuration file. For detailed information about the
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# options listed here, refer to the smb.conf(5) manual page. Samba has a huge
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# number of configurable options, most of which are not shown in this example.
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#
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# The Samba Wiki contains a lot of step-by-step guides installing, configuring,
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# and using Samba:
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# https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/User_Documentation
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#
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# In this file, lines starting with a semicolon (;) or a hash (#) are
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# comments and are ignored. This file uses hashes to denote commentary and
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# semicolons for parts of the file you may wish to configure.
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#
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# NOTE: Run the "testparm" command after modifying this file to check for basic
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# syntax errors.
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#
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#---------------
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# Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) Notes:
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#
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# Turn the samba_domain_controller Boolean on to allow a Samba PDC to use the
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# useradd and groupadd family of binaries. Run the following command as the
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# root user to turn this Boolean on:
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# setsebool -P samba_domain_controller on
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#
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# Turn the samba_enable_home_dirs Boolean on if you want to share home
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# directories via Samba. Run the following command as the root user to turn this
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# Boolean on:
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# setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs on
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#
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# If you create a new directory, such as a new top-level directory, label it
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# with samba_share_t so that SELinux allows Samba to read and write to it. Do
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# not label system directories, such as /etc/ and /home/, with samba_share_t, as
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# such directories should already have an SELinux label.
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#
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# Run the "ls -ldZ /path/to/directory" command to view the current SELinux
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# label for a given directory.
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#
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# Set SELinux labels only on files and directories you have created. Use the
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# chcon command to temporarily change a label:
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# chcon -t samba_share_t /path/to/directory
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#
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# Changes made via chcon are lost when the file system is relabeled or commands
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# such as restorecon are run.
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#
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# Use the samba_export_all_ro or samba_export_all_rw Boolean to share system
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# directories. To share such directories and only allow read-only permissions:
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# setsebool -P samba_export_all_ro on
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# To share such directories and allow read and write permissions:
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# setsebool -P samba_export_all_rw on
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#
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# To run scripts (preexec/root prexec/print command/...), copy them to the
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# /var/lib/samba/scripts/ directory so that SELinux will allow smbd to run them.
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# Note that if you move the scripts to /var/lib/samba/scripts/, they retain
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# their existing SELinux labels, which may be labels that SELinux does not allow
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# smbd to run. Copying the scripts will result in the correct SELinux labels.
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# Run the "restorecon -R -v /var/lib/samba/scripts" command as the root user to
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# apply the correct SELinux labels to these files.
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#
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#--------------
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#
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#======================= Global Settings =====================================
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[global]
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# ----------------------- Network-Related Options -------------------------
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#
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# workgroup = the Windows NT domain name or workgroup name, for example, MYGROUP.
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#
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# server string = the equivalent of the Windows NT Description field.
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#
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# netbios name = used to specify a server name that is not tied to the hostname,
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# maximum is 15 characters.
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#
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# interfaces = used to configure Samba to listen on multiple network interfaces.
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# If you have multiple interfaces, you can use the "interfaces =" option to
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# configure which of those interfaces Samba listens on. Never omit the localhost
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# interface (lo).
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#
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# hosts allow = the hosts allowed to connect. This option can also be used on a
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# per-share basis.
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#
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# hosts deny = the hosts not allowed to connect. This option can also be used on
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# a per-share basis.
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#
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workgroup = MYGROUP
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server string = Samba Server Version %v
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;netbios name = MYSERVER
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# Server role. Defines in which mode Samba will operate. Possible
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# values are "standalone server", "member server", "classic primary
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# domain controller", "classic backup domain controller", "active
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# directory domain controller".
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#
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# Most people will want "standalone server" or "member server".
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# Running as "active directory domain controller" will require first
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# running "samba-tool domain provision" to wipe databases and create a
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# new domain.
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server role = standalone server
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;interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24
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;hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13.
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# --------------------------- Logging Options -----------------------------
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#
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# log file = specify where log files are written to and how they are split.
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#
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# max log size = specify the maximum size log files are allowed to reach. Log
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# files are rotated when they reach the size specified with "max log size".
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#
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# log files split per-machine:
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log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
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# maximum size of 50KB per log file, then rotate:
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max log size = 50
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# ----------------------- Standalone Server Options ------------------------
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#
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# security = the mode Samba runs in. This can be set to user, share
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# (deprecated), or server (deprecated).
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#
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# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
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# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
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# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
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# compatibility.
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#
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security = user
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passdb backend = tdbsam
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# ----------------------- Domain Members Options ------------------------
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#
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# security = must be set to domain or ads.
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#
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# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
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# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
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# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
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# compatibility.
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#
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# realm = only use the realm option when the "security = ads" option is set.
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# The realm option specifies the Active Directory realm the host is a part of.
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#
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# password server = only use this option when the "security = server"
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# option is set, or if you cannot use DNS to locate a Domain Controller. The
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# argument list can include My_PDC_Name, [My_BDC_Name], and [My_Next_BDC_Name]:
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#
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# password server = My_PDC_Name [My_BDC_Name] [My_Next_BDC_Name]
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#
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# Use "password server = *" to automatically locate Domain Controllers.
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;security = domain
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;passdb backend = tdbsam
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;realm = MY_REALM
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;password server = <NT-Server-Name>
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# ----------------------- Domain Controller Options ------------------------
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#
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# security = must be set to user for domain controllers.
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#
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# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
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# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
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# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
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# compatibility.
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#
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# domain master = specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser, allowing
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# Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Do not use the "domain master"
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# option if you already have a Windows NT domain controller performing this task.
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#
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# domain logons = allows Samba to provide a network logon service for Windows
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# workstations.
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#
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# logon script = specifies a script to run at login time on the client. These
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# scripts must be provided in a share named NETLOGON.
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#
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# logon path = specifies (with a UNC path) where user profiles are stored.
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#
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#
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;security = user
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;passdb backend = tdbsam
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;domain master = yes
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;domain logons = yes
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# the following login script name is determined by the machine name
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# (%m):
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;logon script = %m.bat
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# the following login script name is determined by the UNIX user used:
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;logon script = %u.bat
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;logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
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# use an empty path to disable profile support:
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;logon path =
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# various scripts can be used on a domain controller or a stand-alone
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# machine to add or delete corresponding UNIX accounts:
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;add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd "%u" -n -g users
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;add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd "%g"
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;add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -n -c "Workstation (%u)" -M -d /nohome -s /bin/false "%u"
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;delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u"
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;delete user from group script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u" "%g"
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;delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel "%g"
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# ----------------------- Browser Control Options ----------------------------
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#
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# local master = when set to no, Samba does not become the master browser on
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# your network. When set to yes, normal election rules apply.
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#
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# os level = determines the precedence the server has in master browser
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# elections. The default value should be reasonable.
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#
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# preferred master = when set to yes, Samba forces a local browser election at
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# start up (and gives itself a slightly higher chance of winning the election).
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#
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;local master = no
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;os level = 33
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;preferred master = yes
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#----------------------------- Name Resolution -------------------------------
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#
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# This section details the support for the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS).
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#
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# Note: Samba can be either a WINS server or a WINS client, but not both.
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#
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# wins support = when set to yes, the NMBD component of Samba enables its WINS
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# server.
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#
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# wins server = tells the NMBD component of Samba to be a WINS client.
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#
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# wins proxy = when set to yes, Samba answers name resolution queries on behalf
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# of a non WINS capable client. For this to work, there must be at least one
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# WINS server on the network. The default is no.
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#
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# dns proxy = when set to yes, Samba attempts to resolve NetBIOS names via DNS
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# nslookups.
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;wins support = yes
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;wins server = w.x.y.z
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;wins proxy = yes
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;dns proxy = yes
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# --------------------------- Printing Options -----------------------------
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#
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# The options in this section allow you to configure a non-default printing
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# system.
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#
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# load printers = when set you yes, the list of printers is automatically
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# loaded, rather than setting them up individually.
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#
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# cups options = allows you to pass options to the CUPS library. Setting this
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# option to raw, for example, allows you to use drivers on your Windows clients.
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#
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# printcap name = used to specify an alternative printcap file.
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#
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load printers = yes
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cups options = raw
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;printcap name = /etc/printcap
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# obtain a list of printers automatically on UNIX System V systems:
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;printcap name = lpstat
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;printing = cups
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# --------------------------- File System Options ---------------------------
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#
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# The options in this section can be un-commented if the file system supports
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# extended attributes, and those attributes are enabled (usually via the
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# "user_xattr" mount option). These options allow the administrator to specify
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# that DOS attributes are stored in extended attributes and also make sure that
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# Samba does not change the permission bits.
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#
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# Note: These options can be used on a per-share basis. Setting them globally
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# (in the [global] section) makes them the default for all shares.
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;map archive = no
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;map hidden = no
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;map read only = no
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;map system = no
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;store dos attributes = yes
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#============================ Share Definitions ==============================
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[homes]
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comment = Home Directories
|
||
browseable = no
|
||
writable = yes
|
||
;valid users = %S
|
||
;valid users = MYDOMAIN\%S
|
||
|
||
[printers]
|
||
comment = All Printers
|
||
path = /var/spool/samba
|
||
browseable = no
|
||
guest ok = no
|
||
writable = no
|
||
printable = yes
|
||
|
||
# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons:
|
||
;[netlogon]
|
||
;comment = Network Logon Service
|
||
;path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
|
||
;guest ok = yes
|
||
;writable = no
|
||
;share modes = no
|
||
|
||
# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roaming profile share.
|
||
# The default is to use the user's home directory:
|
||
;[Profiles]
|
||
;path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
|
||
;browseable = no
|
||
;guest ok = yes
|
||
|
||
# A publicly accessible directory that is read only, except for users in the
|
||
# "staff" group (which have write permissions):
|
||
;[public]
|
||
;comment = Public Stuff
|
||
;path = /home/samba
|
||
;public = yes
|
||
;writable = no
|
||
;printable = no
|
||
;write list = +staff
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 8. 我当前的 smb.conf
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
[global]
|
||
security = user
|
||
guest account = nobody
|
||
map to guest = bad password
|
||
server role = standalone server
|
||
|
||
[HCenter]
|
||
available = yes
|
||
browseable = yes
|
||
path = /media/fa
|
||
public = yes
|
||
writable = yes
|
||
create mask = 0777
|
||
sync always = yes
|
||
```
|