The Intel Trace Hub (aka. North Peak, NPK) is a trace aggregator for
Software, Firmware, and Hardware. On the virtualization platform, it
can be used to output the traces from SOS/UOS/Hypervisor/FW together
with unified timestamps.
There are 2 software visible MMIO space in the npk pci device. One is
the CSR which maps the configuration registers, and the other is the
STMR which is organized as many Masters, and used to send the traces.
Each Master has a fixed number of Channels, which is 128 on GP. Each
channel occupies 64B, so the offset of each Master is 8K (64B*128).
Here is the detailed layout of STMR:
M=NPK_SW_MSTR_STP (1024 on GP)
+-------------------+
| m[M],c[C-1] |
Base(M,C-1) +-------------------+
| ... |
+-------------------+
| m[M],c[0] |
Base(M,0) +-------------------+
| ... |
+-------------------+
| m[i+1],c[1] |
Base(i+1,1) +-------------------+
| m[i+1],c[0] |
Base(i+1,0) +-------------------+
| ... |
+-------------------+
| m[i],c[1] |
Base(i,1)=SW_BAR+0x40 +-------------------+
| m[i],c[0] | 64B
Base(i,0)=SW_BAR +-------------------+
i=NPK_SW_MSTR_STRT (256 on GP)
CSR and STMR are treated differently in npk virtualization because:
1. CSR configuration should come from just one OS, instead of each OS.
In our case, it should come from SOS.
2. For performance and timing concern, the traces from each OS should
be written to STMR directly.
Based on these, the npk virtualization is implemented in this way:
1. The physical CSR is owned by SOS, and dm/npk emulates a software
one for the UOS, to keep the npk driver on UOS unchanged. Some CSR
initial values are configured to make the UOS npk driver think it
is working on a real npk. The CSR configuration from UOS is ignored
by dm, and it will not bring any side-effect. Because traces are the
only things needed from UOS, the location to send traces to and the
trace format are not affected by the CSR configuration.
2. Part of the physical STMR will be reserved for the SOS, and the
others will be passed through to the UOS, so that the UOS can write
the traces to the MMIO space directly.
A parameter is needed to indicate the offset and size of the Masters
to pass through to the UOS. For example, "-s 0:2,npk,512/256", there
are 256 Masters from #768 (256+512, #256 is the starting Master for
software tracing) passed through to the UOS.
CSR STMR
SOS: +--------------+ +----------------------------------+
| physical CSR | | Reserved for SOS | |
+--------------+ +----------------------------------+
UOS: +--------------+ +---------------+
| sw CSR by dm | | mapped to UOS |
+--------------+ +---------------+
Here is an overall flow about how it works.
1. System boots up, and the npk driver on SOS is loaded.
2. The dm is launched with parameters to enable npk virtualization.
3. The dm/npk sets up a bar for CSR, and some values are initialized
based on the parameters, for example, the total number of Masters for
the UOS.
4. The dm/npk sets up a bar for STMR, and maps part of the physical
STMR to it with an offset, according to the parameters.
5. The UOS boots up, and the native npk driver on the UOS is loaded.
6. Enable the traces from UOS, and the traces are written directly to
STMR, but not output by npk for now.
7. Enable the npk output on SOS, and now the traces are output by npk
to the selected target.
8. If the memory is the selected target, the traces can be retrieved
from memory on SOS, after stopping the traces.
Signed-off-by: Zhi Jin <zhi.jin@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Di <di.zhang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Fixes a recent PR #311 that added a new API but the doxygen comments for
one of the parameters didn't match the parameter name.
Signed-off-by: David B. Kinder <david.b.kinder@intel.com>
This patch implements Intel ApolloLake xHCI extended capabilities. It
includes two dual role switch registers for switching shared
USB2&USB3 phys between xHCI and xDCI.
Change-Id: I2533537d8a4224da3cf9b2e7475aab9f65347a4a
Signed-off-by: Liang Yang <liang3.yang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoguang Wu <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
Every platform should have their own xHCI specific extended
capabilities, but the current xHCI DM is not scalable for them. This
patch refines related logic to make it scalable.
Current code only support 4 registers(4*32) as basic extended
capabilites. Base on this new implementation, the mmio range from
excapoff to regsend will cover real excap size according to the cap
parameter.
Change-Id: Ic55a4494e090ec255939cdb8f32950e3c8a66082
Signed-off-by: Liang Yang <liang3.yang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoguang Wu <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
monitor_vm_ops and its helpers is added to allow DM to register operations
, so thant vm manager could trigger the power state changes of VM.
Reviewed-by: Geoffroy Van Cutsem <geoffroy.vancutsem@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yan, Like <like.yan@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang, Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
signed-off-by: Yan Like <like.yan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tao Yuhong <yuhong.tao@intel.com>
Adapt dm-monitor and acrnctl to use the helper functions and new message
definitions in acrn_mngr.h.
These jobs must be done in one commit to avoid build problems:
1. message transmission and callback registration code are moved
to libacrn-mngr.a, so old functions in dm-monitor could be removed to
make code clean;
2. remove unnecessary monior_msg.h;
3. minor changes to acrnctl accordingly.
Reviewed-by: Geoffroy Van Cutsem <geoffroy.vancutsem@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang, Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
signed-off-by: Yan Like <like.yan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tao Yuhong <yuhong.tao@intel.com>
The VIRTIO_PCI_CAP_PCI_CFG capability creates an alternative access
method to the common configuration, notification, ISR and device-
specific configuration regions.
To access a device region, the driver writes into the capability
structure (ie. within the PCI configuration space) as follows:
- The driver sets the BAR to access by writing to cap.bar
- The driver sets the size of the access by writing 1, 2 or 4 to
cap.length
- The driver sets the offset within the BAR by writing to cap.offset
At that point, pci_cfg_data will provide a window of size cap.length
into the given cap.bar at offset cap.offset.
Signed-off-by: Jian Jun Chen <jian.jun.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Hao Li <hao.l.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
pci_emul_find_capability can be used to get the offset of a PCI
capability in PCI configuration space.
Signed-off-by: Jian Jun Chen <jian.jun.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Hao Li <hao.l.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
According to the syntax defined in C99, each struct/union field must have an
identifier. This patch removes unnamed struct/union fields that can be easily
expressed in a C99-compatible way.
Here is a summary of structs/unions removed.
struct vhm_request:
union {
uint32_t type; uint32_t type;
int32_t reserved0[16]; => int32_t reserved0[15];
};
struct vhm_request_buffer:
struct vhm_request_buffer {
union { union vhm_request_buffer {
struct vhm_request ...; => struct vhm_request ...;
int8_t reserved[4096]; int8_t reserved[4096];
} }
}
Signed-off-by: Junjie Mao <junjie.mao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
With '--ptdev_no_reset', DM doen not abort but warn when assign PCIe
dev without reset capability.
Signed-off-by: Edwin Zhai <edwin.zhai@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
Support log level options, which could change the related log level
without code change.
The new usage:
-s <n>,xhci,[bus1-port1,bus2-port2]:[tablet]:[log=x]
eg: -s 8,xhci,1-2,2-2:log=D
eg: -s 7,xhci,tablet
eg: -s 7,xhci,1-2,2-2:tablet
Note: please follow the board hardware design, assign the ports
according to the receptacle connection
Change-Id: I44639c7b076d21a40eb8f7b99cea8decc5c13c0c
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
add support for xHCI de-initialization when the guest
dose shutdown or reboot.
Change-Id: I3dfc1ed1a905b455ef455dff2065e872aa5c1ef8
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
add support for xHCI port sharing feature, which enable the ability
to assign different native ports to different multi-UOSes. For
example:
1-2,1-2 assigned to UOS-1.
1-1,2-1 assigned to UOS-2.
Change-Id: I899070f7a8a6eb23179e41e7b1f1da24c52482b2
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
New USB APIs:
usb_native_is_bus_existed/usb_native_is_port_existed: Check if specific
usb bus or port are valid or not.
usb_native_is_ss_port: Check if the specific port is supper speed usb port.
Change-Id: I9ab54f6e81742321128d6abd5845ef966f0e9f37
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Support USB mouse, USB keyboard and USB flash drive by enabling the
USB bulk and interrupt transfer for port mapper.
Change-Id: Ia202729e0cfb26fb44a6b278cf4306f2b0b6fa36
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
This patch implements the control transfer for port mapper. With this
patch, USB2.0 device can be enumerated successfully in user OS.
Change-Id: I567bd00ca310d68375acd94a5cc5bcd287665df1
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
move the UREQ macro from usb_mouse.c to usb.h
Change-Id: I977cf73291610b0448eb031a500788a397b55f88
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
For the purpose of USB port mapper, change struct usb_devemu to
common interface between HCD layer and USB device layer.
Besides, implements ue_init/ue_deinit/ue_info for port mapper.
Change-Id: Id4b7345c7b321b9bdab58139c61169d9229cb6f8
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Introduce the struct usb_dev which is used to abstract the physical USB
devices. And APIs for external call are also provided.
Change-Id: Ia25d52a6c670040da787f82b3bea34eee9f3d04d
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Change the DPRINTF macro to UPRINTF for USB subsystem. The
UPRINTF will print log according to certain log level.
Change-Id: I5db8813357c9f684c25f23650e7c914f9063f842
Signed-off-by: Wu, Xiaoguang <xiaoguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shuo Liu <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Wang <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
This patch implements INIT, ACTIVE, SUSPENDING and SUSPENDED operations of
IOC mediator lifecycle virtualization.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Implements state transfer framework to support IOC lifecycle virtualization.
Four states will be involved in this framework includes INIT, ACTIVE,SUSPENDING and
SUSPENDED.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Separate wakeup reason and hearbeat functions from lifecycle processing since
lifecycle virtualization only contains wakeup reason and heartbeat, the other
functions of lifecycle like boot selector, are not handled by IOC mediator.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Full logic to supprot vRPMB:
1. Automatic switch between physical or simulated RPMB.
But hardcode to use simulated one.
2. Parse RPMB cmd to basic APIs to:
2.1 check request frame HMAC with uos vkey
2.2 replace RPMB frame with real values.
3. RPMB partitioning for multiple UOS.
It's hardcoded for coming config file support.
Signed-off-by: Huang Yang <yang.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Du Min <minx.du@intel.com>
Acked-by: Zhu Bing <bing.zhu@intel.com>
Create file as simulated RPMB storage for pre-production usage.
Add RPMB APIs to emulate behavior of physical RPMB controllor.
Signed-off-by: Huang Yang <yang.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Du Min <minx.du@intel.com>
Acked-by: Zhu Bing <bing.zhu@intel.com>
Current only 8 vioapic pins for pci irq (total 24 with 16 reserved),
which easily leads virtual GSI sharing with more and more passthrough
devices. This patch doulbes vioapic pin count and adds reboot hooks to
allocate from same pin after each reboot.
Signed-off-by: Edwin Zhai <edwin.zhai@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jason Chen CJ <jason.cj.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
The name of acrn_register is too generic, rename to acpi_generic_address
which is more common.
Signed-off-by: Victor Sun <victor.sun@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
The following are done in virtio_input_init:
- parse the command line to get the path of host evdev
- parse the command line to get the optional serial string
- calloc struct virtio_input and initialize it
- call virtio framework APIs to initialize virtio PCI
Signed-off-by: Jian Jun Chen <jian.jun.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Hao Li <hao.l.li@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
The function would write CST objects which needed to enable Cx control
to UOS DSDT table.
Signed-off-by: Victor Sun <victor.sun@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
DM will use these functions to get cx entry cnt and cx data then inject
_CST objects to UOS DSDT table.
Signed-off-by: Victor Sun <victor.sun@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kevin Tian <kevin.tian@intel.com>
- make ioc_init/ioc_deinit take struct vmctx as argument
- ioc_init return int instead of pointer to struct ioc_dev
- add ioc_dev in vmctx to track ioc_dev
- remove the atkbdc.h included in vmmapi.h
Signed-off-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu, Yuan1 <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jason Chen CJ <jason.cj.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <Eddie.dong@intel.com>
- Move the variable local_time from main.c to rtc.c
- Change vrtc_init to return int instead of pointer to vrtc. We do
track vrtc in struct vmctx.
Signed-off-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Acked-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Following functions have never been used anywhere.
Let's remove them.
fbsdrun_muxed()
fbsdrun_vmexit_on_hlt()
fbsdrun_vmexit_on_pause()
fbsdrun_disable_x2apic()
Remove weird prefix "fbsdrun" from following functions' name.
fbsdrun_virtio_msix() --> virtio_uses_msix()
fbsdrun_start_thread() --> start_thread()
Signed-off-by: Jie Deng <jie.deng@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Hao Li <hao.l.li@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Remove weird prefix "fbsdrun" from the function name.
Since "fbsdrun_addcpu" has never been called by external
functions, Let's remove its declaration from "dm.h" and
make it as a static function to keep consistency with
"fbsdrun_deletecpu".
Signed-off-by: Jie Deng <jie.deng@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
adding API vm_map_memseg_vma() which using ioctl IC_SET_MEMSEG call
into VHM for futher mem(ept) mapping, based on user vma information.
Signed-off-by: Jason Chen CJ <jason.cj.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Xu, Anthony <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Type '-T' in DM cmdline to enable hugetlb memory allocation.
It enabled 2 level of huge page:
Level 1: size 2M, path: /run/hugepage/acrn/huge_lv1/guid
Level 2: size 1G, path: /run/hugepage/acrn/huge_lv2/guid
NOTE:
before running, please make sure system already have enough hugepages
reserved under:
/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/hugepages-xxxxkB/nr_hugepages
Signed-off-by: Jason Chen CJ <jason.cj.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Xu, Anthony <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Two memory ranges are allocated:
- PCI ECFG
- PCI hole
They should be released when deinit_pci. Old code mark
this two ranges not unregistered. Which is wrong for
warm reboot case. Make them could be unregistered.
Signed-off-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Acked-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Add deinit function for uart.
Another work is add resource cleanup functions which is called
by other components when they are using uart.
Signed-off-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Acked-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
Move the bvmcons enable flag from main.c to consport.c.
So we don't need the flag in main.c for bvmcons.
Signed-off-by: Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@intel.com>
Acked-by: Anthony Xu <anthony.xu@intel.com>
This patch is used for IOC mediator debugging. Due to IOC message logs are
too much, need to save into one file instead of output stdout directly.
By default, the debug log is disabled.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
This patch implements the signal whitelist feature.
All the signal messages will be discarded if they are not existed in whitelist.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
This patch implements the IOC lifecycle virtualization.
In native environment, lifecycle is uesed for SoC system power control,
likes enter/exit S3/S5. So these related messages can not forward directly
between physical IOC and Guest OS, they need to be mapped to VM pause, exit
and launch.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Carrier Board Communication(CBC) protocol is a duplex protocol for IOC data
transfer, including physical layer, link layer, address layer and service layer.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
IOC mediator communicates with native IOC HW through several native channels of
CBC protocol. And IOC mediator communicates with virtual UART through one virtual
channel.
This patch implements channel operations including open/close/read/write.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
IOC mediator main functionality is transfer data between native CBC char
devices and virtual UART, it is implemented as full virtualization, Guest
OS can reuse native CBC driver directly.
Signed-off-by: Liu Yuan <yuan1.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wang Yu <yu1.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liu Shuo <shuo.a.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Eddie Dong <eddie.dong@intel.com>
Zhi Jin