.. _shell_api: Shell ###### .. contents:: :local: :depth: 2 Overview ******** This module allows you to create and handle a shell with a user-defined command set. You can use it in examples where more than simple button or LED user interaction is required. This module is a Unix-like shell with these features: * Support for multiple instances. * Advanced cooperation with the :ref:`logging_api`. * Support for static and dynamic commands. * Smart command completion with the :kbd:`Tab` key. * Built-in commands: :command:`clear`, :command:`shell`, :command:`colors`, :command:`echo`, :command:`history` and :command:`resize`. * Viewing recently executed commands using keys: :kbd:`↑` :kbd:`↓`. * Text edition using keys: :kbd:`←`, :kbd:`→`, :kbd:`Backspace`, :kbd:`Delete`, :kbd:`End`, :kbd:`Home`, :kbd:`Insert`. * Support for ANSI escape codes: ``VT100`` and ``ESC[n~`` for cursor control and color printing. * Support for multiline commands. * Built-in handler to display help for the commands. * Support for wildcards: ``*`` and ``?``. * Support for meta keys. * Kconfig configuration to optimize memory usage. The module can be connected to any transport for command input and output. At this point, the following transport layers are implemented: * UART * Segger RTT * DUMMY - not a physical transport layer Connecting to Segger RTT via TCP (on macOS, for example) ======================================================== On macOS JLinkRTTClient won't let you enter input. Instead, please use following procedure: * Open up a first Terminal window and enter: .. code-block:: none JLinkRTTLogger -Device NRF52840_XXAA -RTTChannel 1 -if SWD -Speed 4000 ~/rtt.log (change device if required) * Open up a second Terminal window and enter: .. code-block:: none nc localhost 19021 * Now you should have a network connection to RTT that will let you enter input to the shell. Commands ******** Shell commands are organized in a tree structure and grouped into the following types: * Root command (level 0): Gathered and alphabetically sorted in a dedicated memory section. * Static subcommand (level > 0): Number and syntax must be known during compile time. Created in the software module. * Dynamic subcommand (level > 0): Number and syntax does not need to be known during compile time. Created in the software module. Creating commands ================= Use the following macros for adding shell commands: * :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_REGISTER` - Create root command. All root commands must have different name. * :c:macro:`SHELL_COND_CMD_REGISTER` - Conditionally (if compile time flag is set) create root command. All root commands must have different name. * :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_ARG_REGISTER` - Create root command with arguments. All root commands must have different name. * :c:macro:`SHELL_COND_CMD_ARG_REGISTER` - Conditionally (if compile time flag is set) create root command with arguments. All root commands must have different name. * :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD` - Initialize a command. * :c:macro:`SHELL_COND_CMD` - Initialize a command if compile time flag is set. * :c:macro:`SHELL_EXPR_CMD` - Initialize a command if compile time expression is non-zero. * :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_ARG` - Initialize a command with arguments. * :c:macro:`SHELL_COND_CMD_ARG` - Initialize a command with arguments if compile time flag is set. * :c:macro:`SHELL_EXPR_CMD_ARG` - Initialize a command with arguments if compile time expression is non-zero. * :c:macro:`SHELL_STATIC_SUBCMD_SET_CREATE` - Create a static subcommands array. * :c:macro:`SHELL_DYNAMIC_CMD_CREATE` - Create a dynamic subcommands array. Commands can be created in any file in the system that includes :zephyr_file:`include/shell/shell.h`. All created commands are available for all shell instances. Static commands --------------- Example code demonstrating how to create a root command with static subcommands. .. image:: images/static_cmd.PNG :align: center :alt: Command tree with static commands. .. code-block:: c /* Creating subcommands (level 1 command) array for command "demo". */ SHELL_STATIC_SUBCMD_SET_CREATE(sub_demo, SHELL_CMD(params, NULL, "Print params command.", cmd_demo_params), SHELL_CMD(ping, NULL, "Ping command.", cmd_demo_ping), SHELL_SUBCMD_SET_END ); /* Creating root (level 0) command "demo" */ SHELL_CMD_REGISTER(demo, &sub_demo, "Demo commands", NULL); Example implementation can be found under following location: :zephyr_file:`samples/subsys/shell/shell_module/src/main.c`. Dynamic commands ---------------- Example code demonstrating how to create a root command with static and dynamic subcommands. At the beginning dynamic command list is empty. New commands can be added by typing: .. code-block:: none dynamic add Newly added commands can be prompted or autocompleted with the :kbd:`Tab` key. .. image:: images/dynamic_cmd.PNG :align: center :alt: Command tree with static and dynamic commands. .. code-block:: c /* Buffer for 10 dynamic commands */ static char dynamic_cmd_buffer[10][50]; /* commands counter */ static u8_t dynamic_cmd_cnt; /* Function returning command dynamically created * in dynamic_cmd_buffer. */ static void dynamic_cmd_get(size_t idx, struct shell_static_entry *entry) { if (idx < dynamic_cmd_cnt) { entry->syntax = dynamic_cmd_buffer[idx]; entry->handler = NULL; entry->subcmd = NULL; entry->help = "Show dynamic command name."; } else { /* if there are no more dynamic commands available * syntax must be set to NULL. */ entry->syntax = NULL; } } SHELL_DYNAMIC_CMD_CREATE(m_sub_dynamic_set, dynamic_cmd_get); SHELL_STATIC_SUBCMD_SET_CREATE(m_sub_dynamic, SHELL_CMD(add, NULL,"Add new command to dynamic_cmd_buffer and" " sort them alphabetically.", cmd_dynamic_add), SHELL_CMD(execute, &m_sub_dynamic_set, "Execute a command.", cmd_dynamic_execute), SHELL_CMD(remove, &m_sub_dynamic_set, "Remove a command from dynamic_cmd_buffer.", cmd_dynamic_remove), SHELL_CMD(show, NULL, "Show all commands in dynamic_cmd_buffer.", cmd_dynamic_show), SHELL_SUBCMD_SET_END ); SHELL_CMD_REGISTER(dynamic, &m_sub_dynamic, "Demonstrate dynamic command usage.", cmd_dynamic); Example implementation can be found under following location: :zephyr_file:`samples/subsys/shell/shell_module/src/dynamic_cmd.c`. Commands execution ================== Each command or subcommand may have a handler. The shell executes the handler that is found deepest in the command tree and further subcommands (without a handler) are passed as arguments. Characters within parentheses are treated as one argument. If shell wont find a handler it will display an error message. Commands can be also executed from a user application using any active backend and a function :cpp:func:`shell_execute_cmd`, as shown in this example: .. code-block:: c void main(void) { /* Below code will execute "clear" command on a DUMMY backend */ shell_execute_cmd(NULL, "clear"); /* Below code will execute "shell colors off" command on * an UART backend */ shell_execute_cmd(shell_backend_uart_get_ptr(), "shell colors off"); } Enable the DUMMY backend by setting the Kconfig :option:`CONFIG_SHELL_BACKEND_DUMMY` option. Command handler ---------------- Simple command handler implementation: .. code-block:: c static int cmd_handler(const struct shell *shell, size_t argc, char **argv) { ARG_UNUSED(argc); ARG_UNUSED(argv); shell_fprintf(shell, SHELL_INFO, "Print info message\n"); shell_print(shell, "Print simple text."); shell_warn(shell, "Print warning text."); shell_error(shell, "Print error text."); return 0; } Function :cpp:func:`shell_fprintf` or the shell print macros: :c:macro:`shell_print`, :c:macro:`shell_info`, :c:macro:`shell_warn` and :c:macro:`shell_error` can be used from the command handler or from threads, but not from an interrupt context. Instead, interrupt handlers should use :ref:`logging_api` for printing. Command help ------------ Every user-defined command or subcommand can have its own help description. The help for commands and subcommands can be created with respective macros: :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_REGISTER`, :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_ARG_REGISTER`, :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD`, and :c:macro:`SHELL_CMD_ARG`. Shell prints this help message when you call a command or subcommand with ``-h`` or ``--help`` parameter. Parent commands --------------- In the subcommand handler, you can access both the parameters passed to commands or the parent commands, depending on how you index ``argv``. * When indexing ``argv`` with positive numbers, you can access the parameters. * When indexing ``argv`` with negative numbers, you can access the parent commands. * The subcommand to which the handler belongs has the ``argv`` index of 0. .. code-block:: c static int cmd_handler(const struct shell *shell, size_t argc, char **argv) { ARG_UNUSED(argc); /* If it is a subcommand handler parent command syntax * can be found using argv[-1]. */ shell_print(shell, "This command has a parent command: %s", argv[-1]); /* Print this command syntax */ shell_print(shell, "This command syntax is: %s", argv[0]); /* Print first argument */ shell_print(shell, "%s", argv[1]); return 0; } Built-in commands ================= * :command:`clear` - Clears the screen. * :command:`history` - Shows the recently entered commands. * :command:`resize` - Must be executed when terminal width is different than 80 characters or after each change of terminal width. It ensures proper multiline text display and :kbd:`←`, :kbd:`→`, :kbd:`End`, :kbd:`Home` keys handling. Currently this command works only with UART flow control switched on. It can be also called with a subcommand: * :command:`default` - Shell will send terminal width = 80 to the terminal and assume successful delivery. * :command:`shell` - Root command with useful shell-related subcommands like: * :command:`echo` - Toggles shell echo. * :command:`colors` - Toggles colored syntax. This might be helpful in case of Bluetooth shell to limit the amount of transferred bytes. * :command:`stats` - Shows shell statistics. Wildcards ********* The shell module can handle wildcards. Wildcards are interpreted correctly when expanded command and its subcommands do not have a handler. For example, if you want to set logging level to ``err`` for the ``app`` and ``app_test`` modules you can execute the following command: .. code-block:: none log enable err a* .. image:: images/wildcard.png :align: center :alt: Wildcard usage example Meta keys ********* The shell module supports the following meta keys: .. list-table:: Implemented meta keys :widths: 10 40 :header-rows: 1 * - Meta keys - Action * - :kbd:`Ctrl + a` - Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + b` - Moves the cursor backward one character. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + c` - Preserves the last command on the screen and starts a new command in a new line. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + d` - Deletes the character under the cursor. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + e` - Moves the cursor to the end of the line. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + f` - Moves the cursor forward one character. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + k` - Deletes from the cursor to the end of the line. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + l` - Clears the screen and leaves the currently typed command at the top of the screen. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + n` - Moves in history to next entry. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + p` - Moves in history to previous entry. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + u` - Clears the currently typed command. * - :kbd:`Ctrl + w` - Removes the word or part of the word to the left of the cursor. Words separated by period instead of space are treated as one word. * - :kbd:`Alt + b` - Moves the cursor backward one word. * - :kbd:`Alt + f` - Moves the cursor forward one word. Usage ***** To create a new shell instance user needs to activate requested backend using ``menuconfig``. The following code shows a simple use case of this library: .. code-block:: c void main(void) { } static int cmd_demo_ping(const struct shell *shell, size_t argc, char **argv) { ARG_UNUSED(argc); ARG_UNUSED(argv); shell_print(shell, "pong"); return 0; } static int cmd_demo_params(const struct shell *shell, size_t argc, char **argv) { int cnt; shell_print(shell, "argc = %d", argc); for (cnt = 0; cnt < argc; cnt++) { shell_print(shell, " argv[%d] = %s", cnt, argv[cnt]); } return 0; } /* Creating subcommands (level 1 command) array for command "demo". */ SHELL_STATIC_SUBCMD_SET_CREATE(sub_demo, SHELL_CMD(params, NULL, "Print params command.", cmd_demo_params), SHELL_CMD(ping, NULL, "Ping command.", cmd_demo_ping), SHELL_SUBCMD_SET_END ); /* Creating root (level 0) command "demo" without a handler */ SHELL_CMD_REGISTER(demo, &sub_demo, "Demo commands", NULL); /* Creating root (level 0) command "version" */ SHELL_CMD_REGISTER(version, NULL, "Show kernel version", cmd_version); Users may use the :kbd:`Tab` key to complete a command/subcommand or to see the available subcommands for the currently entered command level. For example, when the cursor is positioned at the beginning of the command line and the :kbd:`Tab` key is pressed, the user will see all root (level 0) commands: .. code-block:: none clear demo shell history log resize version .. note:: To view the subcommands that are available for a specific command, you must first type a :kbd:`space` after this command and then hit :kbd:`Tab`. These commands are registered by various modules, for example: * :command:`clear`, :command:`shell`, :command:`history`, and :command:`resize` are built-in commands which have been registered by :zephyr_file:`subsys/shell/shell.c` * :command:`demo` and :command:`version` have been registered in example code above by main.c * :command:`log` has been registered by :zephyr_file:`subsys/logging/log_cmds.c` Then, if a user types a :command:`demo` command and presses the :kbd:`Tab` key, the shell will only print the subcommands registered for this command: .. code-block:: none params ping Shell as the logger backend *************************** Shell instance can act as the :ref:`logging_api` backend. Shell ensures that log messages are correctly multiplexed with shell output. Log messages from logger thread are enqueued and processed in the shell thread. Logger thread will block for configurable amount of time if queue is full, blocking logger thread context for that time. Oldest log message is removed from the queue after timeout and new message is enqueued. Use the ``shell stats show`` command to retrieve number of log messages dropped by the shell instance. Log queue size and timeout are :c:macro:`SHELL_DEFINE` arguments. .. warning:: Enqueuing timeout must be set carefully when multiple backends are used in the system. The shell instance could have a slow transport or could block, for example, by a UART with hardware flow control. If timeout is set too high, the logger thread could be blocked and impact other logger backends. .. warning:: As the shell is a complex logger backend, it can not output logs if the application crashes before the shell thread is running. In this situation, you can enable one of the simple logging backends instead, such as UART (:option:`CONFIG_LOG_BACKEND_UART`) or RTT (:option:`CONFIG_LOG_BACKEND_RTT`), which are available earlier during system initialization. API Reference ************* .. doxygengroup:: shell_api :project: Zephyr