.. _timers_v2:

Timers
######

A :dfn:`timer` is a kernel object that measures the passage of time
using the kernel's system clock. When a timer's specified time limit
is reached it can perform an application-defined action,
or it can simply record the expiration and wait for the application
to read its status.

.. contents::
    :local:
    :depth: 2

Concepts
********

Any number of timers can be defined. Each timer is referenced by its
memory address.

A timer has the following key properties:

* A :dfn:`duration` specifying the time interval before the timer expires
  for the first time, measured in milliseconds. It must be greater than zero.

* A :dfn:`period` specifying the time interval between all timer expirations
  after the first one, measured in milliseconds. It must be non-negative.
  A period of zero means that the timer is a one shot timer that stops
  after a single expiration.

* An :dfn:`expiry function` that is executed each time the timer expires.
  The function is executed by the system clock interrupt handler.
  If no expiry function is required a :c:macro:`NULL` function can be specified.

* A :dfn:`stop function` that is executed if the timer is stopped prematurely
  while running. The function is executed by the thread that stops the timer.
  If no stop function is required a :c:macro:`NULL` function can be specified.

* A :dfn:`status` value that indicates how many times the timer has expired
  since the status value was last read.

A timer must be initialized before it can be used. This specifies its
expiry function and stop function values, sets the timer's status to zero,
and puts the timer into the **stopped** state.

A timer is **started** by specifying a duration and a period.
The timer's status is reset to zero, then the timer enters
the **running** state and begins counting down towards expiry.

When a running timer expires its status is incremented
and the timer executes its expiry function, if one exists;
If a thread is waiting on the timer, it is unblocked.
If the timer's period is zero the timer enters the stopped state;
otherwise the timer restarts with a new duration equal to its period.

A running timer can be stopped in mid-countdown, if desired.
The timer's status is left unchanged, then the timer enters the stopped state
and executes its stop function, if one exists.
If a thread is waiting on the timer, it is unblocked.
Attempting to stop a non-running timer is permitted,
but has no effect on the timer since it is already stopped.

A running timer can be restarted in mid-countdown, if desired.
The timer's status is reset to zero, then the timer begins counting down
using the new duration and period values specified by the caller.
If a thread is waiting on the timer, it continues waiting.

A timer's status can be read directly at any time to determine how many times
the timer has expired since its status was last read.
Reading a timer's status resets its value to zero.
The amount of time remaining before the timer expires can also be read;
a value of zero indicates that the timer is stopped.

A thread may read a timer's status indirectly by **synchronizing**
with the timer. This blocks the thread until the timer's status is non-zero
(indicating that it has expired at least once) or the timer is stopped;
if the timer status is already non-zero or the timer is already stopped
the thread continues without waiting. The synchronization operation
returns the timer's status and resets it to zero.

.. note::
    Only a single user should examine the status of any given timer,
    since reading the status (directly or indirectly) changes its value.
    Similarly, only a single thread at a time should synchronize
    with a given timer. ISRs are not permitted to synchronize with timers,
    since ISRs are not allowed to block.

Timer Limitations
=================

Since timers are based on the system clock, the delay values specified
when using a timer are **minimum** values.
(See :ref:`clock_limitations`.)

Implementation
**************

Defining a Timer
================

A timer is defined using a variable of type :c:type:`struct k_timer`.
It must then be initialized by calling :cpp:func:`k_timer_init()`.

The following code defines and initializes a timer.

.. code-block:: c

    struct k_timer my_timer;
    extern void my_expiry_function(struct k_timer *timer_id);

    k_timer_init(&my_timer, my_expiry_function, NULL);

Alternatively, a timer can be defined and initialized at compile time
by calling :c:macro:`K_TIMER_DEFINE()`.

The following code has the same effect as the code segment above.

.. code-block:: c

    K_TIMER_DEFINE(my_timer, my_expiry_function, NULL);

Using a Timer Expiry Function
=============================

The following code uses a timer to perform a non-trivial action on a periodic
basis. Since the required work cannot be done at interrupt level,
the timer's expiry function uses a :ref:`kernel alert object <alerts_v2>`
to do the work in the context of the system workqueue.

.. code-block:: c

    int my_alert_handler(struct k_alert *dummy)
    {
        /* do the processing that needs to be done periodically */
        ...
        return 0;
    }

    K_ALERT_DEFINE(my_alert, my_alert_handler);

    void my_timer_handler(struct k_timer *dummy)
    {
        k_alert_send(&my_alert);
    }

    K_TIMER_DEFINE(my_timer, my_timer_handler, NULL);

    ...

    /* start periodic timer that expires once every second */
    k_timer_start(&my_timer, 1000, 1000);

Reading Timer Status
====================

The following code reads a timer's status directly to determine
if the timer has expired on not.

.. code-block:: c

    K_TIMER_DEFINE(my_status_timer, NULL, NULL);

    ...

    /* start one shot timer that expires after 200 ms */
    k_timer_start(&my_status_timer, 200, 0);

    /* do work */
    ...

    /* check timer status */
    if (k_timer_status_get(&my_status_timer) > 0) {
        /* timer has expired */
    } else if (k_timer_remaining_get(&my_status_timer) == 0) {
        /* timer was stopped (by someone else) before expiring */
    } else {
        /* timer is still running */
    }

Using Timer Status Synchronization
==================================

The following code performs timer status synchronization to allow a thread
to do useful work while ensuring that a pair of protocol operations
are separated by the specified time interval.

.. code-block:: c

    K_TIMER_DEFINE(my_sync_timer, NULL, NULL);

    ...

    /* do first protocol operation */
    ...

    /* start one shot timer that expires after 500 ms */
    k_timer_start(&my_sync_timer, 500, 0);

    /* do other work */
    ...

    /* ensure timer has expired (waiting for expiry, if necessary) */
    k_timer_status_sync(&my_sync_timer);

    /* do second protocol operation */
    ...

.. note::
    If the thread had no other work to do it could simply sleep
    between the two protocol operations, without using a timer.

Suggested Uses
**************

Use a timer to initiate an asynchronous operation after a specified
amount of time.

Use a timer to determine whether or not a specified amount of time
has elapsed.

Use a timer to perform other work while carrying out operations
involving time limits.

.. note::
   If a thread has no other work to perform while waiting for time to pass
   it should call :cpp:func:`k_sleep()`.
   If a thread needs to measure the time required to perform an operation
   it can read the :ref:`system clock or the hardware clock <clocks_v2>`
   directly, rather than using a timer.

Configuration Options
*********************

Related configuration options:

* None.

APIs
****

The following timer APIs are provided by :file:`kernel.h`:

* :cpp:func:`k_timer_init()`
* :cpp:func:`k_timer_start()`
* :cpp:func:`k_timer_stop()`
* :cpp:func:`k_timer_status_get()`
* :cpp:func:`k_timer_status_sync()`
* :cpp:func:`k_timer_remaining_get()`