# Linux 搭建 Samba 服务器

Samba 主要提供三个服务器工具：smbd、nmbd、smbpasswd。smb 是 Samba 的主要启动服务器，用于实现共享服务；nmbd 是名称服务器，不开启 nmbd 的情况下只能通过 ip 地址来访问 samba 服务器，如果开启了 nmbd 则可以通过 netbios name 来访问 samba 服务；smbpasswd 用来设置访问 samba 服务的账户名和密码。

smbd 的运行依赖于 /etc/samba/smb.conf 配置文件，这个是 smbd 的默认配置文件。访问 samba 服务需要账户名和密码，这个通过 smbpasswd 来设置。

## 1. SELinux

SELinux 开启的状态下会影响其他系统对 Samba 服务器的访问，可能造成 Windows 或 Android 系统的 Samba 客户端无法访问服务器（错误提示内容类似于没有授权之类），可以关闭 SELinux 或正确设置 SELinux。临时关闭 SELinux 的方法如下：

```bash
sudo setenforce 0
```

此时查看 SeLinux 状态

```bash
$ sestatus
Current mode:                   permissive
```

永久关闭 SeLinux（需要重启）需要修改 /etc/selinux/config 文件：

```ini
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
# SELINUX=enforcing
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
```

## 2. 安装 Samba

```bash
# Ubuntu
sudo apt install samba samba-common
# Manjaro
sudo pacman -S samba
```

## 3. 创建配置文件

在 /etc/samba 下备份 smb.conf 文件，并向其添加如下内容（如果没有则 touch 一个）：

```ini
[global]
security = user
guest account = nobody
map to guest = bad password
[NAME]
available = yes
browseable = yes
path = /YOUPATH
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
sync always = yes
```

其中 NAME 为共享时虚拟的文件夹名，YOUPATH 为共享文件夹的路径。security 可以设置成 share 或 user 等，share 方式访问时不需要账户密码。

## 4. 分配账户和密码

在 shell 中输入如下命令为 samba 服务分配账户和密码

```bash
# <user name> 必须是已存在的 Linux 用户
sudo smbpasswd -a <user name>
# 然后按提示输入密码并确认
# 使能用户
sudo smbpasswd -e <user name>
```

分配好后，就可以使用该账户和密码远程访问 samba 服务了。

**因此需要记牢该账户和密码。**

如果忘记了已经分配过哪些 samba 账户，则可以通过 pdbedit 列出已添加的 samba 用户（pdbedit 还可以编辑 samba 的用户数据库），用法如下：

```bash
pdbedit -L
```

## 5. 开启 Samba 服务

通过 systemctl 开启 samba 服务命令如下：

```bash
# Manjaro
sudo systemctl enable smb.service
sudo systemctl start smb.service
# Ubuntu
sudo systemctl enable smbd.service
sudo systemctl start smbd.service
```

必要时需关闭防火墙，或设置防火墙规则。如果修改了 samba 配置信息，则需要重启 samba 服务：

```bash
sudo systemctl restart smb.service
```

## 6. 远程访问

可在 Linux 系统或 Windows 系统下远程访问 Samba 服务。

### 6.1. Linux 客户端

#### 6.1.1 命令行下访问 samba 服务

```bash
# The following command lists public shares on a server
smbclient -L hostname -U%
# Mount the share using mount.cifs as type. Not all the options listed below are needed or desirable
mount -t cifs //SERVER/sharename /mnt/mountpoint -o username=username,password=password,workgroup=workgroup,iocharset=utf8,uid=username,gid=group
```

#### 6.1.2. 使用 Nautilus 访问 samba 服务

在 Nautilus 文件浏览器支持多种远程文件访问服务。在 Nautilus 文件浏览器右侧选择“Other Locations”，下方出现“Connect to Server”，然后输入：

```bash
smb://<IP or host name>
```

之后按提示输入通过 smbpasswd 设置的用户名和密码。

### 6.2. Windows 客户端

进入“控制面板->卸载或更改程序->启用或关闭 Windows 功能“，勾选“SMB 1.0/CIFS File Sharing Support”，确定。

进入“控制面板->网络和 Internet->网络和共享中心->高级共享设置“，启用网络发现，启用文件和打印机共享。如果不能开启“网络发现”功能，请参考[《Win10 无法开启网络发现功能》](../../OperatingSystem/Windows/Windows10/Win10_无法开启网络发现功能.md)。最后将“密码保护的共享”修改为“无密码保护的共享”。

单击”开始->运行”，输入“gpedit.msc”，打开“组策略编辑器”，将“计算机配置->管理模板->网络->Lanman 工作站->启用不安全的来宾登录”配置为已启用。

单击”开始->运行”，输入“secpol.msc”，打开“本地安全策略”，在本地安全策略窗口中依次打开“本地策略->安全选项”，然后再右侧的列表中找到“网络安全：LAN 管理器身份验证级别”，把这个选项的值改为“发送 LM 和 NTLM – 如果已协商，则使用 NTLMv2 会话安全”或“仅发送NTLMv2响应，拒绝LM和NTLM”，确定。本路径下再找到“网络访问：本地账户的共享和安全模型”打开，选择“经典 – 对本地用户进行身份验证，不改变其本来身份”，确定。

重启系统。

右击“网络->映射网络驱动器”，或右键“新建快捷方式->键入对象的位置”，或在 Windows 资源管理器地址栏里输入：

```bash
\\<IP or host name>\[share name]
```

之后按提示输入用户和密码就可以访问了。

## 7. smb.conf.example

以下截取自 Centos 7 的 samba 配置文件：

```ini
# This is the main Samba configuration file. For detailed information about the
# options listed here, refer to the smb.conf(5) manual page. Samba has a huge
# number of configurable options, most of which are not shown in this example.
#
# The Samba Wiki contains a lot of step-by-step guides installing, configuring,
# and using Samba:
# https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/User_Documentation
#
# In this file, lines starting with a semicolon (;) or a hash (#) are
# comments and are ignored. This file uses hashes to denote commentary and
# semicolons for parts of the file you may wish to configure.
#
# NOTE: Run the "testparm" command after modifying this file to check for basic
# syntax errors.
#
#---------------
# Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) Notes:
#
# Turn the samba_domain_controller Boolean on to allow a Samba PDC to use the
# useradd and groupadd family of binaries. Run the following command as the
# root user to turn this Boolean on:
# setsebool -P samba_domain_controller on
#
# Turn the samba_enable_home_dirs Boolean on if you want to share home
# directories via Samba. Run the following command as the root user to turn this
# Boolean on:
# setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs on
#
# If you create a new directory, such as a new top-level directory, label it
# with samba_share_t so that SELinux allows Samba to read and write to it. Do
# not label system directories, such as /etc/ and /home/, with samba_share_t, as
# such directories should already have an SELinux label.
#
# Run the "ls -ldZ /path/to/directory" command to view the current SELinux
# label for a given directory.
#
# Set SELinux labels only on files and directories you have created. Use the
# chcon command to temporarily change a label:
# chcon -t samba_share_t /path/to/directory
#
# Changes made via chcon are lost when the file system is relabeled or commands
# such as restorecon are run.
#
# Use the samba_export_all_ro or samba_export_all_rw Boolean to share system
# directories. To share such directories and only allow read-only permissions:
# setsebool -P samba_export_all_ro on
# To share such directories and allow read and write permissions:
# setsebool -P samba_export_all_rw on
#
# To run scripts (preexec/root prexec/print command/...), copy them to the
# /var/lib/samba/scripts/ directory so that SELinux will allow smbd to run them.
# Note that if you move the scripts to /var/lib/samba/scripts/, they retain
# their existing SELinux labels, which may be labels that SELinux does not allow
# smbd to run. Copying the scripts will result in the correct SELinux labels.
# Run the "restorecon -R -v /var/lib/samba/scripts" command as the root user to
# apply the correct SELinux labels to these files.
#
#--------------
#
#======================= Global Settings =====================================

[global]

# ----------------------- Network-Related Options -------------------------
#
# workgroup = the Windows NT domain name or workgroup name, for example, MYGROUP.
#
# server string = the equivalent of the Windows NT Description field.
#
# netbios name = used to specify a server name that is not tied to the hostname,
#                maximum is 15 characters.
#
# interfaces = used to configure Samba to listen on multiple network interfaces.
# If you have multiple interfaces, you can use the "interfaces =" option to
# configure which of those interfaces Samba listens on. Never omit the localhost
# interface (lo).
#
# hosts allow = the hosts allowed to connect. This option can also be used on a
# per-share basis.
#
# hosts deny = the hosts not allowed to connect. This option can also be used on
# a per-share basis.
#
workgroup = MYGROUP
server string = Samba Server Version %v

;netbios name = MYSERVER

# Server role. Defines in which mode Samba will operate. Possible
# values are "standalone server", "member server", "classic primary
# domain controller", "classic backup domain controller", "active
# directory domain controller".
#
# Most people will want "standalone server" or "member server".
# Running as "active directory domain controller" will require first
# running "samba-tool domain provision" to wipe databases and create a
# new domain.
   server role = standalone server

;interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24
;hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13.

# --------------------------- Logging Options -----------------------------
#
# log file = specify where log files are written to and how they are split.
#
# max log size = specify the maximum size log files are allowed to reach. Log
# files are rotated when they reach the size specified with "max log size".
#

# log files split per-machine:
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
# maximum size of 50KB per log file, then rotate:
max log size = 50

# ----------------------- Standalone Server Options ------------------------
#
# security = the mode Samba runs in. This can be set to user, share
# (deprecated), or server (deprecated).
#
# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
# compatibility.
#

security = user
passdb backend = tdbsam


# ----------------------- Domain Members Options ------------------------
#
# security = must be set to domain or ads.
#
# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
# compatibility.
#
# realm = only use the realm option when the "security = ads" option is set.
# The realm option specifies the Active Directory realm the host is a part of.
#
# password server = only use this option when the "security = server"
# option is set, or if you cannot use DNS to locate a Domain Controller. The
# argument list can include My_PDC_Name, [My_BDC_Name], and [My_Next_BDC_Name]:
#
# password server = My_PDC_Name [My_BDC_Name] [My_Next_BDC_Name]
#
# Use "password server = *" to automatically locate Domain Controllers.

;security = domain
;passdb backend = tdbsam
;realm = MY_REALM

;password server = <NT-Server-Name>

# ----------------------- Domain Controller Options ------------------------
#
# security = must be set to user for domain controllers.
#
# passdb backend = the backend used to store user information in. New
# installations should use either tdbsam or ldapsam. No additional configuration
# is required for tdbsam. The "smbpasswd" utility is available for backwards
# compatibility.
#
# domain master = specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser, allowing
# Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Do not use the "domain master"
# option if you already have a Windows NT domain controller performing this task.
#
# domain logons = allows Samba to provide a network logon service for Windows
# workstations.
#
# logon script = specifies a script to run at login time on the client. These
# scripts must be provided in a share named NETLOGON.
#
# logon path = specifies (with a UNC path) where user profiles are stored.
#
#
;security = user
;passdb backend = tdbsam

;domain master = yes
;domain logons = yes

# the following login script name is determined by the machine name
# (%m):
;logon script = %m.bat
# the following login script name is determined by the UNIX user used:
;logon script = %u.bat
;logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
# use an empty path to disable profile support:
;logon path =

# various scripts can be used on a domain controller or a stand-alone
# machine to add or delete corresponding UNIX accounts:

;add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd "%u" -n -g users
;add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd "%g"
;add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -n -c "Workstation (%u)" -M -d /nohome -s /bin/false "%u"
;delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u"
;delete user from group script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u" "%g"
;delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel "%g"


# ----------------------- Browser Control Options ----------------------------
#
# local master = when set to no, Samba does not become the master browser on
# your network. When set to yes, normal election rules apply.
#
# os level = determines the precedence the server has in master browser
# elections. The default value should be reasonable.
#
# preferred master = when set to yes, Samba forces a local browser election at
# start up (and gives itself a slightly higher chance of winning the election).
#
;local master = no
;os level = 33
;preferred master = yes

#----------------------------- Name Resolution -------------------------------
#
# This section details the support for the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS).
#
# Note: Samba can be either a WINS server or a WINS client, but not both.
#
# wins support = when set to yes, the NMBD component of Samba enables its WINS
# server.
#
# wins server = tells the NMBD component of Samba to be a WINS client.
#
# wins proxy = when set to yes, Samba answers name resolution queries on behalf
# of a non WINS capable client. For this to work, there must be at least one
# WINS server on the network. The default is no.
#
# dns proxy = when set to yes, Samba attempts to resolve NetBIOS names via DNS
# nslookups.

;wins support = yes
;wins server = w.x.y.z
;wins proxy = yes

;dns proxy = yes

# --------------------------- Printing Options -----------------------------
#
# The options in this section allow you to configure a non-default printing
# system.
#
# load printers = when set you yes, the list of printers is automatically
# loaded, rather than setting them up individually.
#
# cups options = allows you to pass options to the CUPS library. Setting this
# option to raw, for example, allows you to use drivers on your Windows clients.
#
# printcap name = used to specify an alternative printcap file.
#

load printers = yes
cups options = raw

;printcap name = /etc/printcap
# obtain a list of printers automatically on UNIX System V systems:
;printcap name = lpstat
;printing = cups

# --------------------------- File System Options ---------------------------
#
# The options in this section can be un-commented if the file system supports
# extended attributes, and those attributes are enabled (usually via the
# "user_xattr" mount option). These options allow the administrator to specify
# that DOS attributes are stored in extended attributes and also make sure that
# Samba does not change the permission bits.
#
# Note: These options can be used on a per-share basis. Setting them globally
# (in the [global] section) makes them the default for all shares.

;map archive = no
;map hidden = no
;map read only = no
;map system = no
;store dos attributes = yes


#============================ Share Definitions ==============================

[homes]
comment = Home Directories
browseable = no
writable = yes
;valid users = %S
;valid users = MYDOMAIN\%S

[printers]
comment = All Printers
path = /var/spool/samba
browseable = no
guest ok = no
writable = no
printable = yes

# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons:
;[netlogon]
;comment = Network Logon Service
;path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
;guest ok = yes
;writable = no
;share modes = no

# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roaming profile share.
# The default is to use the user's home directory:
;[Profiles]
;path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
;browseable = no
;guest ok = yes

# A publicly accessible directory that is read only, except for users in the
# "staff" group (which have write permissions):
;[public]
;comment = Public Stuff
;path = /home/samba
;public = yes
;writable = no
;printable = no
;write list = +staff

```

## 8. 我当前的 smb.conf

```ini
[global]
security = user
guest account = nobody
map to guest = bad password
server role = standalone server

[HCenter]
available = yes
browseable = yes
path = /media/fa
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
sync always = yes
```