README
^^^^^^
This README file discusses the port of NuttX to the Embedded Artists
EA3131 board.
Contents
^^^^^^^^
o Development Environment
o GNU Toolchain Options
o IDEs
o NuttX buildroot Toolchain
o Boot Sequence
o Image Format
o Image Download to ISRAM
o Using OpenOCD and GDB
o On-Demand Paging
o ARM/EA3131-specific Configuration Options
o Configurations
Development Environment
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Either Linux or Cygwin on Windows can be used for the development environment.
The source has been built only using the GNU toolchain (see below). Other
toolchains will likely cause problems.
GNU Toolchain Options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The NuttX make system has been modified to support the following different
toolchain options.
1. The CodeSourcery GNU toolchain,
2. The devkitARM GNU toolchain,
3. Raisonance GNU toolchain,
4. The NuttX buildroot Toolchain (see below), or
5. Any generic arm-none-eabi GNU toolchain.
All testing has been conducted using the NuttX buildroot toolchain. However,
the make system is setup to default to use the devkitARM toolchain. To use
the CodeSourcery, devkitARM or Raisonance GNU toolchain, you simply need to
add one of the following configuration options to your .config (or defconfig)
file:
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery under Windows
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYL=y : CodeSourcery under Linux
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_DEVKITARM=y : devkitARM under Windows
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_BUILDROOT=y : NuttX buildroot under Linux or Cygwin (default)
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_GNU_EABIL : Generic arm-none-eabi toolchain
If you are not using CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_BUILDROOT, then you may also have to modify
the PATH in the setenv.h file if your make cannot find the tools.
The toolchain may also be set using the kconfig-mconf utility (make menuconfig) or by
passing CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN=<toolchain> to make, where <toolchain> is one
of CODESOURCERYW, CODESOURCERYL, DEVKITARM, BUILDROOT or GNU_EABI as described
above.
NOTE: the CodeSourcery (for Windows), devkitARM, and Raisonance toolchains are
Windows native toolchains. The CodeSourcey (for Linux) and NuttX buildroot
toolchains are Cygwin and/or Linux native toolchains. There are several limitations
to using a Windows based toolchain in a Cygwin environment. The three biggest are:
1. The Windows toolchain cannot follow Cygwin paths. Path conversions are
performed automatically in the Cygwin makefiles using the 'cygpath' utility
but you might easily find some new path problems. If so, check out 'cygpath -w'
2. Windows toolchains cannot follow Cygwin symbolic links. Many symbolic links
are used in Nuttx (e.g., include/arch). The make system works around these
problems for the Windows tools by copying directories instead of linking them.
But this can also cause some confusion for you: For example, you may edit
a file in a "linked" directory and find that your changes had no effect.
That is because you are building the copy of the file in the "fake" symbolic
directory. If you use a Windows toolchain, you should get in the habit of
making like this:
make clean_context all
An alias in your .bashrc file might make that less painful.
3. Dependencies are not made when using Windows versions of the GCC. This is
because the dependencies are generated using Windows pathes which do not
work with the Cygwin make.
MKDEP = $(TOPDIR)/tools/mknulldeps.sh
NOTE 1: The CodeSourcery toolchain (2009q1) does not work with default optimization
level of -Os (See Make.defs). It will work with -O0, -O1, or -O2, but not with
-Os.
NOTE 2: The devkitARM toolchain includes a version of MSYS make. Make sure that
the paths to Cygwin's /bin and /usr/bin directories appear BEFORE the devkitARM
path or will get the wrong version of make.
Generic arm-none-eabi GNU Toolchain
-----------------------------------
There are a number of toolchain projects providing support for ARMv4/v5
class processors, including:
GCC ARM Embedded
https://launchpad.net/gcc-arm-embedded
Summon ARM Toolchain
https://github.com/esden/summon-arm-toolchain
Yagarto
http://www.yagarto.de
Others exist for various Linux distributions, MacPorts, etc. Any version
based on GCC 4.6.3 or later should work.
IDEs
^^^^
NuttX is built using command-line make. It can be used with an IDE, but some
effort will be required to create the project.
Makefile Build
--------------
Under Eclipse, it is pretty easy to set up an "empty makefile project" and
simply use the NuttX makefile to build the system. That is almost for free
under Linux. Under Windows, you will need to set up the "Cygwin GCC" empty
makefile project in order to work with Windows (Google for "Eclipse Cygwin" -
there is a lot of help on the internet).
Native Build
------------
Here are a few tips before you start that effort:
1) Select the toolchain that you will be using in your .config file
2) Start the NuttX build at least one time from the Cygwin command line
before trying to create your project. This is necessary to create
certain auto-generated files and directories that will be needed.
3) Set up include pathes: You will need include/, arch/arm/src/lpc31xx,
arch/arm/src/common, arch/arm/src/arm, and sched/.
4) All assembly files need to have the definition option -D __ASSEMBLY__
on the command line.
Startup files will probably cause you some headaches. The NuttX startup file
is arch/arm/src/lpc31xx/lpc31_vectors.S. You may have to build NuttX
one time from the Cygwin command line in order to obtain the pre-built
startup object needed by an IDE.
NuttX buildroot Toolchain
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A GNU GCC-based toolchain is assumed. The files */setenv.sh should
be modified to point to the correct path to the Cortex-M3 GCC toolchain (if
different from the default in your PATH variable).
If you have no Cortex-M3 toolchain, one can be downloaded from the NuttX
SourceForge download site (https://sourceforge.net/projects/nuttx/files/buildroot/).
This GNU toolchain builds and executes in the Linux or Cygwin environment.
1. You must have already configured Nuttx in <some-dir>/nuttx.
cd tools
./configure.sh ea3131/<sub-dir>
2. Download the latest buildroot package into <some-dir>
3. unpack the buildroot tarball. The resulting directory may
have versioning information on it like buildroot-x.y.z. If so,
rename <some-dir>/buildroot-x.y.z to <some-dir>/buildroot.
4. cd <some-dir>/buildroot
5. cp configs/arm926t-defconfig-4.2.4 .config
6. make oldconfig
7. make
8. Edit setenv.h, if necessary, so that the PATH variable includes
the path to the newly built binaries.
See the file configs/README.txt in the buildroot source tree. That has more
detailed PLUS some special instructions that you will need to follow if you are
building a Cortex-M3 toolchain for Cygwin under Windows.
Boot Sequence
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
LPC313x has on chip bootrom which loads properly formatted images from multiple
sources into SRAM. These sources include including SPI Flash, NOR Flash, UART,
USB, SD Card, and NAND Flash.
In all configurations, NuttX is loaded directly into ISRAM. NuttX is linked
to execute from ISRAM, regardless of the boot source.
Image Format
^^^^^^^^^^^^
In order to use the bootrom bootloader, a special header must be added to the
beginning of the binary image that includes information about the binary (things
like the entry point, the size, and CRC's to verify the image.
NXP provides a Windows program to append such a header to the binary image.
However, (1) that program won't run under Linux, and (2) when I try it under
WinXP, Symantec immediately claims that the program is misbehaving and deletes
it!
To work around both of these issues, I have created a small program under
configs/ea3131/tools to add the header. This program can be built under
either Linux or Cygwin (and probably other tool environments as well). That
tool can be built as follows:
- cd configs/ea3131/tools
- make
Then, to build the NuttX binary ready to load with the bootloader, just
following these steps:
- cd tools/ # Configure Nuttx
- ./configure.sh ea3131/nsh # (using the nsh configuration for this example)
- cd .. # Set up environment
- . ./setenv.sh # (see notes below)
- make # Make NuttX. This will produce nuttx.bin
- mklpc.sh # Make the bootloader binary (nuttx.lpc)
NOTES:
1. setenv.sh just sets up pathes to the toolchain and also to
configs/ea3131/tools where mklpc.sh resides. Use of setenv.sh is optional.
If you don't use setenv.sh, then just set your PATH variable appropriately or
use the full path to mklpc.sh in the final step.
2. You can instruct Symantec to ignore the errors and it will stop quarantining
the NXP program.
3. The CRC32 logic in configs/ea3131/tools doesn't seem to work. As a result,
the CRC is currently disabled in the header:
RCS file: /cvsroot/nuttx/nuttx/configs/ea3131/tools/lpchdr.c,v
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -r1.2 lpchdr.c
264c264
< g_hdr.imageType = 0x0000000b;
---
> g_hdr.imageType = 0x0000000a;
Image Download to ISRAM
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Assuming that you already have the FTDI driver installed*, then here is the
are the steps that I use for loading new code into the EA3131:
- Create the bootloader binary, nuttx.lpc, as described above.
- Connected the EA3131 using the FTDI USB port (not the lpc3131 USB port)
This will power up the EA3131 and start the bootloader.
- Start a terminal emulator (such as TeraTerm) at 115200 8NI.
- Reset the EA3131 and you should see:
LPC31xx READY FOR PLAIN IMAGE>
- Send the nuttx.lpc file and you should see:
Download finished
That will load the NuttX binary into ISRAM and attempt to execute it.
*See the LPC313x documentation if you do not have the FTDI driver installed.
Using OpenOCD and GDB
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
I have been using the Olimex ARM-USB-OCD JTAG debugger with the EA3131
(http://www.olimex.com). The OpenOCD configuration file is here:
tools/armusbocb.cfg. There is also a script on the tools directory that
I used to start the OpenOCD daemon on my system called oocd.sh. That
script would probably require some modifications to work in another
environment:
- possibly the value of OPENOCD_PATH
- If you are working under Linux you will need to change any
occurances of `cygpath -w blablabla` to just blablabla
Then you should be able to start the OpenOCD daemon like:
configs/ea3131/tools/oocd.sh $PWD
Where it is assumed that you are executing oocd.sh from the top level
directory where NuttX is installed.
Once the OpenOCD daemon has been started, you can connect to it via
GDB using the following GDB command:
arm-nuttx-elf-gdb
(gdb) target remote localhost:3333
And you can load the NuttX ELF file:
(gdb) symbol-file nuttx
(gdb) load nuttx
On-Demand Paging
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
There is a configuration that was used to verify the On-Demand Paging
feature for the ARM926 (see http://nuttx.sourceforge.net/NuttXDemandPaging.html).
That configuration is contained in the pgnsh sub-directory. The pgnsh configuration
is only a test configuration, and lacks some logic to provide the full On-Demand
Paging solution (see below).
Page Table Layout:
------------------
The ARM926 MMU uses a page table in memory. The page table is divided
into (1) a level 1 (L1) page table that maps 1Mb memory regions to level 2
page tables (except in the case of 1Mb sections, of course), and (2) a level
2 (L2) page table that maps the 1Mb memory regions into individual 64Kb, 4kb,
or 1kb pages. The pgnsh configuration uses 1Kb pages: it positions 48x1Kb
pages at beginning of SRAM (the "locked" memory region), 16x1Kb pages at
the end of SRAM for the L1 page table, and 44x1Kb pages just before the
L1 page table. That leaves 96x1Kb virtual pages in the middle of SRAM for
the paged memory region; up to 384x1kb of physical pages may be paged into
this region. Physical memory map:
11028000 "locked" text region 48x1Kb
11034000 "paged" text region 96x1Kb
1104c000 "data" region 32x1Kb
11054000 L1 page table 16x1Kb
-------- --------------------- ------
11058000 192x1Kb
The virtual memory map allows more space for the paged region:
11028000 "locked" text region 48x1Kb
11034000 "paged" text region 384x1Kb
11094000 "data" region 32x1Kb
1109c000 L1 page table 16x1Kb
-------- --------------------- ------
110a0000 480x1Kb
The L1 contains a single 1Mb entry to span the entire LPC3131 SRAM memory
region. The virtual address for this region is 0x11028000. The offset into
the L1 page table is given by:
offset = ((0x11028000 >> 20) << 2) = 0x00000440
The value at that offset into the L1 page table contains the address of the
L2 page table (0x11056000) plus some extra bits to specify that that entry
is valid and and points to a 1Kb L1 page table:
11054440 11056013
Why is the address 11056000 used for the address of the L2 page table? Isn't
that inside of the L1 page table? Yes, this was done to use the preceious
SRAM memory more conservatively. If you look at the LPC313x virtual memory
map, you can see that no virtual addresses above 0x60100000 are used. That
corresponds to L1 page table offset 0x0001800 (physical address 0x11055800).
The rest of the L1 page table is unused and so we reuse it to hold the L2 page
table (or course, this could cause some really weird addressing L1 mapping
issues if bad virtual addresses were used in that region -- oh well). The
address 0x11056000 is then the first properly aligned memory that can be used
in that L2 page table area.
Only only L2 page table will be used to span the LPC3131 SRAM virtual text
address region (480x1Kb). That one entry maps the virtual address range of
0x11000000 through 0x110ffc00. Each entry maps a 1Kb page of physical memory:
PAGE VIRTUAL ADDR L2 OFFSET
--------- ------------ ---------
Page 0 0x11000000 0x00000000
Page 1 0x11000400 0x00000004
Page 2 0x11000800 0x00000008
...
Page 1023 0x110ffc00 0x00000ffc
The "locked" text region begins at an offset of 0x00028000 into that region.
The 48 page table entries needed to make this region begin at:
offset = ((0x00028000 >> 10) << 2) = 0x00000280
Each entry contains the address of a physical page in the "locked" text region
(plus some extra bits to identify domains, page sizes, access privileges, etc.):
0x11000280 0x1102800b
0x11000284 0x1102840b
0x11000288 0x1102880b
...
The locked region is initially unmapped. But the data region and page table
regions must be mapped in a similar manner. Those
Data:
Virtual address = 0x11094000 Offset = 0x00064000
Physical address = 0x1104c000
L2 offset = ((0x00094000 >> 10) << 2) = 0x00000940
Page table:
Virtual address = 0x1109c000 Offset = 0x0009c000
Physical address = 0x11054000
L2 offset = ((0x0009c000 >> 10) << 2) = 0x000009c0
Build Sequence:
---------------
This example uses a two-pass build. The top-level Makefile recognizes the
configuration option CONFIG_BUILD_2PASS and will execute the Makefile in
configs/ea3131/locked/Makefile to build the first pass object, locked.r.
This first pass object contains all of the code that must be in the locked
text region. The Makefile in arch/arm/src/Makefile then includes this 1st
pass in build, positioning it as controlled by configs/ea3131/scripts/pg-ld.script.
Finishing the Example:
----------------------
This example is incomplete in that it does not have any media to reload the
page text region from: The file configs/ea3131/src/up_fillpage.c is only
a stub. That logic to actually reload the page from some storage medium
(among other things) would have to be implemented in order to complete this
example. At present, the example works correctly up to the point where
up_fillpage() is first called and then fails in the expected way.
Here are the detailed list of things that would need to be done in addition
to finishing th up_fillpage() logic (this assumes that SPI NOR FLASH is the
media on which the NuttX image is stored):
1. Develop a NOR FLASH layout can can be used to (1) boot the locked text
section into memory on a reset, and (2) map a virtual fault address
to an offset into paged text section in NOR FLASH.
2. Develop/modify the build logic to build the binaries for this NOR
flash layout: Can the NuttX image be formed as a single image that
is larger than the IRAM? Can we boot from such a large image? If
so, then no special build modifications are required. Or, does the
locked section have to be smaller with a separate paged text section
image in FLASH? In this case, some tool will be needed to break
the nuttx.bin file into the two pieces.
3. Develop a mechanism to load the NuttX image into SPI NOR FLASH. A
basic procedure is already documented in NXP publications: "LPC313x
Linux Quick Start Guide, Version 2.0" and "AN10811 Programming SPI
flash on EA3131 boards, V1 (May 1, 2009)." That procedure may be
sufficient, depending on the decisions made in (1) and (2):
4. Develop a procedure to boot the locked text image from SPI NOR.
The references and issues related to this are discussed in (2)
and (3) above.
Basic support for paging from SPI NOR FLASH can be enabled by adding:
CONFIG_PAGING_AT45DB=y
Or:
CONFIG_PAGING_M25PX=y
NOTE: See the TODO list in the top-level directory:
"arch/arm/src/lpc31xx/lpc31_spi.c may or may not be functional. It was
reported to be working, but I was unable to get it working with the
Atmel at45dbxx serial FLASH driver."
Alternative:
------------
I have implemented an alternative within configs/ea3131/src/up_fillpage.c
which is probably only useful for testing. Here is the usage module
for this alternative
1. Place the nuttx.bin file on an SD card.
2. Insert the SD card prior to booting
3. In up_fillpage(), use the virtual miss address (minus the virtual
base address) as an offset into the nuttx.bin file, and read the
required page from that offset in the nuttx.bin file:
off_t offset = (off_t)vpage - PG_LOCKED_VBASE;
off_t pos = lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
if (pos != (off_t)-1)
{
int ret = read(fd, vpage, PAGESIZE);
}
In this way, the paging implementation can do on-demand paging
from an image file on the SD card. Problems/issues with this
approach probably make it only useful for testing:
1. You would still have to boot the locked section over serial or
using a bootloader -- it is not clear how the power up boot
would occur. For testing, the nuttx.bin file could be both
provided on the SD card and loaded over serial.
2. If the SD card is not in place, the system will crash.
3. This means that all of the file system logic and FAT file
system would have to reside in the locked text region.
And the show-stopper:
4. There is no MCI driver for the ea3131, yet!
ARM/EA3131-specific Configuration Options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
CONFIG_ARCH - Identifies the arch/ subdirectory. This should
be set to:
CONFIG_ARCH=arm
CONFIG_ARCH_family - For use in C code:
CONFIG_ARCH_ARM=y
CONFIG_ARCH_architecture - For use in C code:
CONFIG_ARCH_ARM926EJS=y
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP - Identifies the arch/*/chip subdirectory
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP=lpc313x
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP_name - For use in C code
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP_LPC3131
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD - Identifies the configs subdirectory and
hence, the board that supports the particular chip or SoC.
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD=ea3131
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD_name - For use in C code
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD_EA3131
CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC - Must be calibrated for correct operation
of delay loops
CONFIG_ENDIAN_BIG - define if big endian (default is little
endian)
CONFIG_RAM_SIZE - For most ARM9 architectures, this describes the
size of installed DRAM. For the LPC313X, it is used only to
deterimine how to map the executable regions. It is SDRAM size
only if you are executing out of the external SDRAM; or it could
be NOR FLASH size, external SRAM size, or internal SRAM size.
CONFIG_RAM_START - The start address of installed DRAM (physical)
CONFIG_RAM_VSTART - The startaddress of DRAM (virtual)
CONFIG_ARCH_LEDS - Use LEDs to show state. Unique to boards that
have LEDs
CONFIG_ARCH_INTERRUPTSTACK - This architecture supports an interrupt
stack. If defined, this symbol is the size of the interrupt
stack in bytes. If not defined, the user task stacks will be
used during interrupt handling.
CONFIG_ARCH_STACKDUMP - Do stack dumps after assertions
CONFIG_ARCH_LEDS - Use LEDs to show state. Unique to board architecture.
CONFIG_ARCH_BUTTONS - Enable support for buttons. Unique to board architecture.
CONFIG_ARCH_CALIBRATION - Enables some build in instrumentation that
cause a 100 second delay during boot-up. This 100 second delay
serves no purpose other than it allows you to calibratre
CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC. You simply use a stop watch to measure
the 100 second delay then adjust CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC until
the delay actually is 100 seconds.
CONFIG_ARCH_DMA - Support DMA initialization
CONFIG_ARCH_LOWVECTORS - define if vectors reside at address 0x0000:00000
Undefine if vectors reside at address 0xffff:0000
CONFIG_ARCH_ROMPGTABLE - A pre-initialized, read-only page table is available.
If defined, then board-specific logic must also define PGTABLE_BASE_PADDR,
PGTABLE_BASE_VADDR, and all memory section mapping in a file named
board_memorymap.h.
Individual subsystems can be enabled:
CONFIG_LPC31_MCI, CONFIG_LPC31_SPI, CONFIG_LPC31_UART
External memory available on the board (see also CONFIG_MM_REGIONS)
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM0 - Select if external SRAM0 is present
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM0HEAP - Select if external SRAM0 should be
configured as part of the NuttX heap.
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM0SIZE - Size (in bytes) of the installed
external SRAM0 memory
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM1 - Select if external SRAM1 is present
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM1HEAP - Select if external SRAM1 should be
configured as part of the NuttX heap.
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTSRAM1SIZE - Size (in bytes) of the installed
external SRAM1 memory
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTDRAM - Select if external SDRAM is present
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTDRAMHEAP - Select if external SDRAM should be
configured as part of the NuttX heap.
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTDRAMSIZE - Size (in bytes) of the installed
external SDRAM memory
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTNAND - Select if external NAND is present
CONFIG_LPC31_EXTNANDSIZE - Size (in bytes) of the installed
external NAND memory
LPC313X specific device driver settings
CONFIG_UART_SERIAL_CONSOLE - selects the UART for the
console and ttys0
CONFIG_UART_RXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered as received.
This specific the size of the receive buffer
CONFIG_UART_TXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered before
being sent. This specific the size of the transmit buffer
CONFIG_UART_BAUD - The configure BAUD of the UART. Must be
CONFIG_UART_BITS - The number of bits. Must be either 7 or 8.
CONFIG_UART_PARTIY - 0=no parity, 1=odd parity, 2=even parity
CONFIG_UART_2STOP - Two stop bits
Configurations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Common Configuration Notes
--------------------------
1. Each EA3131 configuration is maintained in a sub-directory and
can be selected as follow:
cd tools
./configure.sh ea3131/<subdir>
cd -
. ./setenv.sh
Where <subdir> is one of the configuration sub-directories described in
the following paragraph.
2. These configurations use the mconf-based configuration tool. To
change a configurations using that tool, you should:
a. Build and install the kconfig-mconf tool. See nuttx/README.txt
and misc/tools/
b. Execute 'make menuconfig' in nuttx/ in order to start the
reconfiguration process.
3. By default, all configurations assume the CodeSourcery toolchain
under Cygwin with Windows. This is easily reconfigured, however:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y
CONFIG_ARM_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y
Configuration Sub-Directories
-----------------------------
locked:
This is not a configuration. When on-demand page is enabled
then we must do a two pass link: The first pass creates an
intermediate object that has all of the code that must be
placed in the locked memory partition. This is logic that
must be locked in memory at all times.
The directory contains the logic necessary to do the platform
specific first pass link for the EA313x.
nsh
Configures the NuttShell (nsh) located at examples/nsh. The
Configuration enables only the serial NSH interface.
pgnsh
This is the same configuration as nsh, but with On-Demand
paging enabled. See http://www.nuttx.org/Documentation/NuttXDemandPaging.html.
This configuration is an experiment for the purposes of test
and debug. At present, this does not produce functioning,
usable system
usbserial
This configuration directory exercises the USB serial class
driver at examples/usbserial. See examples/README.txt for
more information.
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